书店最畅销的经济学书籍（一）:微观经济学



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发布日期：2003-7-29 来源：[中国经济学教育科研网论坛] 作者：[fama] 浏览：[2179] 评论：[0] 字体：大 中 小

看看AMAZON书店最畅销的经济学书籍(截止2003年五月)，共分Microeconomics, Macroeconomics, Econometrics 三类，有*记号的为国内已经出版的，需要指出的是Econometrics中还包括数理经济学的书籍。
　　　　
　　　　
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/new-for-you/top-sellers/-/books/2581/002-0517999-4971217
　　　　
　　　　
Microeconomics


　　　　
1. Manias, Panics, and Crashes: A History of Financial Crises (Wiley Investment Classics)
by Charles P. Kindleberger (Author)

　　　　
2. Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data
by Jeffrey M. Wooldridge (Author)
　　　　

*3. Microeconomics (5th Edition) （国内有影印版和翻译版）
by Robert S. Pindyck, Daniel L. Rubinfeld
　　　　
　
　　　　
4. The Great Crash 1929
by John Kenneth Galbraith (Author)
　　
　　　　
5. Economics of Strategy, 2nd Edition
by David A. Besanko (Author), et al

　　　　
6. Principles of Microeconomics and ActiveEcon CD Package (6th Edition)
by Karl E. Case, Ray C. Fair
　　　　

7. Auction Theory
by Vijay Krishna

　　　　
8. Microeconomic Theory （研究生的经典教材，最难的教材）
by Andreu Mas-Colell, et al


9. Financial Accounting : In an Economic Context
by Jamie Pratt (Author)
　　　　

10. Price Theory and Applications
by Steven E. Landsburg
　　　　

11. Managerial Economics: Applications, Strategy and Tactics
by James R. McGuigan, et al
　　　　
　　　　
　
12. Managerial Economics (5th Edition)
by Edwin Mansfield (Editor), et al
　　　　

13. The New Law of Demand and Supply: The Revolutionary New Demand Strategy for Faster Growth and Higher Profits
by Rick Kash, Rick Kash
　　　　


14.
Microeconomics + Code Card for DiscoverEcon
by Campbell R. McConnell, Stanley L. Brue
　　　　

　　　　
15.
Lean Manufacturing: Tools, Techniques, and How to Use Them
by William M. Feld, William M Feld


　
16.
Microeconomics the Easy Way (Easy Way)
by Walter J. Wessels
　　　　

　　　　
17.
The Firm, the Market, and the Law
by Ronald H. Coase



*18.
Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach, Sixth Edition （我认为是最好内容最广的中级教材，看了它你就不会看其他的，国内有老版本的翻译）
by Hal R. Varian
　　　　

　　　　
19.
Forecasting : Methods and Applications
by Spyros G. Makridakis (Author), et al
　　　　

　　　　
20.
Health Economics and Policy
by James W. Henderson
Average Customer Review:
　　　　

　　　　
21.
Pratt Financial Accounting in an Economic Context
by Jamie Pratt (Author)
　　　　

　　　　
22.
value-at-Risk: Theory and Practice
by Glyn A. Holton
　　　　
　　　　
*23.
Microeconomic Analysis （研究生教材，很好的，有翻译版）
by Hal R. Varian
　　　　
　　　　
24.
Schaum’s Outline of Microeconomic Theory
by Dominick Salvatore

　　　　
25.
Managerial Economics
by William F. Samuelson (Author), Stephen G. Marks (Author)


经济学研究生教材推荐：Graduate Text Books
Textbooks are primarily used in the first year of a PhD program. Second-year readings are typically journal articles.

Publication year given is that for the last print or reprint of the most up-to-date edition.
For books marked with a ☼, (legal) international editions are sold in some countries (e.g. Singapore), often at a fraction of the U.S. price.



Microeconomics
▼

Mas-Colell / Whinston / Green “Microeconomic Theory” (Oxford, 1e: 1995) ☼
The indispensable standard. You’ll read it cover to cover, probably more than once.

Reny / Jehle “Advanced Microeconomic Theory” (Addison-Wesley, 2e: 2000) ☼
Although an advanced undergrad text, it covers similar content to MWG and may be a nice introduction.

Varian “Microeconomic Analysis” (W.W. Norton, 3e: 1992) ☼
Haven’t read this one, but Varian is known for being very clear and to-the-point. Less formal than MWG and more selective in content.

One of the best things to read in preparation for first-year micro (or along with it) is Hirshleifer / Riley's "Analytics of Uncertainty and Information;" a very intuitive introduction to these key topics. Billed as a graduate micro textbook, but not formal enough for today's demands, is "A Course in Microeconomic Theory" ☼ by Kreps - some enjoy it as a conceptual starter that covers all the major topics (though, for an appetizer, it's a bit too calorific - long-winded - for my taste). Gibbons' "Primer in Game Theory" (alternate title" "Game Theory and Applications" ☼) is an idea for a preview of game theory with many interesting examples.

One will typically need a specialized game theory book from the second term (although MWG cover game theory in some depth). Osborne / Rubinstein's "A Course in Game Theory" and Myerson’s “Game Theory: Analysis of Conflict” are good and reasonably priced. Fudenberg / Tirole’s “Game Theory” is an extensive, more formal, treatment. Tirole’s “The Theory of Industrial Organization” is the excellent standard in that subfield (preferable, in my opinion, to the more recent "Industrial Organization: Theory and Applications" ☼ by Shy, although that includes new topics). The burgeoning importance of agency theory called for a dedicated textbook, which is now available from the Tiroles of information economics, Laffont / Martimort ("The Theory of Incentives").


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Mathematical economics
▼

De la Fuente “Mathematical Methods and Models for Economists” (Cambridge, 1e: 2000)
Comprehensive and lucidly written. A bargain at the price.

Simon / Blume “Mathematics for Economists” (W.W. Norton, 1e: 1994) ☼
This is actually too basic for the first year, but can serve as a review. Thorough coverage of linear algebra.

Sundaram “A First Course in Optimization Theory” (Cambridge, 1e: 1996)
Optimization theory, as the title says. Modern and accessible; unfortunately, it omits many proofs.

If Simon / Blume is hard going, then (you should be rather worried and lose no time but) grab Chiang's "Fundamental Methods of Mathematical Economics," which will take you by the hand through everything you should already know (but no real analysis). (Incidentally, Chiang's other book, "Elements of Dynamic Optimization" is not worth getting: it's in continuous time, whereas in much of modern macro you want discrete time.) Should the "Fundamental Methods" address critical needs, you might as well invest another fifteen dollars for Schaum's "Outline of Mathematical Economics" (by Dowling), with a wealth of solved problems.

A classic, very accessible reference for optimization is Intriligator's "Mathematical Optimization and Economic Theory." Dixit's "Optimization in Economic Theory" is brief and conceptual, makes good (though perhaps not essential) bedtime reading. For those who have seen it all before and just need a quick review, the Dover reprint of Lancaster's "Mathematical Economics" is cheap and handy; it treats (a somewhat dated choice of) optimization topics in the main part, and relegates background material to a well-written set of appendices.

A little book of pure math that squeezes all the best definitions and proofs into a pocket-sized format, Rudin's "Principles of Mathematical Analysis" ☼ (or "Baby Rudin"), would come highly recommended as a reference if it weren't so outrageously priced outside the ☼ markets. More advanced treatments like Royden’s “Real Analysis” and Rudin’s “Real and Complex Analysis,” ☼ which cover functional analysis, measure theory, and complex numbers, become useful in the second term and second year. Kelley's "General Topology" is a terrific old text; for a concise introduction to basic topology at the right price, see the Dover edition of Mendelson's "Introduction to Topology."


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Macroeconomics
▼

Blanchard / Fischer “Lectures on Macroeconomics” (MIT, 1e: 1989)
The old stand-by, still good for a solid, "eclectic" first-semester course.

Ljungqvist / Sargent “Recursive Macroeconomic Theory” (MIT, 1e: 2000)
Samples a lot of modern technique and selected applications. Reads like a set of rough lecture notes, and requires some background in dynamic programming and time series.

Romer “Advanced Macroeconomics” (McGraw-Hill, 2e: 2001) ☼
Thoughtful and empirically driven, at an undergraduate level, really (but PhD courses are taught from it. in many places). In survey manner, the book covers the intuition of key "graduate" models, but does not attempt to build technical skills.

Sargent “Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory” (1e, 1987, Harvard).
Another classic work I haven’t read. By the looks of the content, the book is still very relevant (less true of the immediate predecessor, Sargent's "Macroeconomic Theory"). A solution manual by Manuelli is on the market.

There are many approaches to teaching first-year macro, but roughly we could group them into those that consistently work with special cases of the neoclassical growth model and those covering an eclectic range of models with diverse assumptions and occasional handwaving about micro foundations in favor of an interesting result. The former school of thought is sometimes labeled as "freshwater" (since its proponents are located around the Great Lakes), and the latter as "saltwater" (as it is popular along the US coasts). My perception is that the "freshwater" school is carrying the day and dominating the modern literature, but not everyone would agree.

Azariadis’ “Intertemporal Macroeconomics” I haven’t read, but it appears to emphasize differential equations and dynamic methods with a "freshwater" leaning. A continuous-time book that discusses multiple equilibria (the UCLA tradition) is Farmer’s “Macroeconomics of Self-Fulfilling Prophecies.” Chicago-schoolers swear by Stokey / Lucas / Prescott's “Recursive Methods in Economic Dynamics,” a detailed exposition of dynamic programming theory and a second-term / second-year must-read for macroeconomists. Now there's a solution manual (Irigoyen et al.) - you'll probably need it.

For growth theory, the first source is Barro / Sala-i-Martin’s “Economic Growth” ☼, a good overview. Aghion / Howitt’s “Endogenous Growth Theory” is a specialized treatment. Open economy macroeconomics is treated extensively (and, by all accounts, very well) in Obstfeld / Rogoff’s “Foundations of International Macroeconomics.” Numerical methods, which have become essential to computational macroeconomics, are covered in Judd’s “Numerical Methods in Economics” and the Marimon / Scott collective volume.


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Econometrics
▼

Casella / Berger “Statistical Inference” (Wadsworth, 2e: 2001) ☼
More demanding, more modern than Hogg and Craig, and infinitely the preferable probability and statistics text of the two.

Greene “Econometric Analysis” (Prentice Hall, 4e: 1999) ☼
Emphasizes maximum likelihood as an organizing principle. The book is rather too encyclopedic to study from, but it is a useful reference.

Hayashi “Econometrics” (Princeton, 1e: 2000) ☼
Even though the GMM perspective makes it perhaps a more difficult book at first, the approach is theoretically attractive and modern. It’s well-written, too, at a comfortable level.

Hogg / Craig “Introduction to Mathematical Statistics” (Prentice Hall, 5e: 1994) ☼
Incomprehensively, this weary oldtimer is still a standard text. Overexplains and shys from the use of complex variables.

Ruud “An Introduction to Classical Econometric Theory” (Oxford, 1e: 2000)
Though I have not read it, people rave about the detailed exposition and instructive proofs.

The gaping void in the market for books on the mathematical foundations of econometrics is about to be redressed by the forthcoming titles by Bierens and McFadden (see the online lecture notes for the manuscripts). Gallant’s “An Introduction to Econometric Theory” runs along the same line, but is quite brief, and somehow not an entirely satisfying book to learn from. Billingsley’s “Probability and Measure” ☼ is a higher-pitched, well-regarded probability text that also develops measure theory. Shiryayev's "Probability" is its equally admired competitor. (But both are difficult books if you're not well-trained in analysis.) Ditto for White's "Asymptotic Theory for Econometricians."

Good review books in econometrics, albeit not at the technical level of grad school, are Johnston / DiNardo’s “Econometric Methods” ☼ and Verbeek’s “A Guide to Modern Econometrics.” ☼ That intimidating tome by Judge et al., "Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Econometrics" ☼ offers a very nice, comprehensive approach to estimation at a closer look, and it's at the right technical level. Davidson / MacKinnon's “Estimation and Inference in Econometrics” is popular with econometricians and supposedly "deep;" it may offer more detail and rigor than initially needed. Then there's a whole series of graduate econometrics texts by Gourieroux / Monfort, reportedly much in the French tradition of excellent precision and terrible pedagogics.

The standard specialty text for time series is Hamilton’s exhaustive “Time Series Analysis.” Enders' "Applied Econometric Time Series" ☼ is a far more basic and selective introduction. For limited dependent variables, there's Maddala’s “Limited-Dependent and Qualitative Variables in Econometrics.” For panel data, Baltagi’s “Econometric Analysis of Panel Data” or Wooldridge's "Econometric Analysis and Panel Data." or Hsiao's "Analysis of Panel Data." "Nonparametric Econometrics" is covered in Pagan and Ullah's book.

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2008年公派研究生：请提前准备好申请材料

2008年公派研究生：请提前准备好申请材料
2007年12月27日 07:19:54 　来源：人民日报海外版
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2008新年将至，来自墨尔本领区的国家公派留学人员汇集在一起，共话回国后如何报效祖国。 （朱国亮摄）

2008年我国将公派各类留学人员12000人，比2007年10000人基础上又有大幅增加。

2008年国家公派研究生项目已于日前启动，2007年是项目实施的第二年。据了解，申请该项目的学生均应来自“985工程”、“211工程”院校。据称，明年2月20日前，符合要求的各高校应完成校内评审工作，确定候选人。近日，就 2008年公派研究生项目进展情况，笔者走访了北京的几所高校了解到，不熟悉申请流程、材料不足等问题，都可能影响报名工作的顺利进行。给留学生提供的奖学金生活费在额度上没有变化。

安 排

●国家留学基金管理委员会2008年计划选派6000名研究生出国留学。其中，国家建设高水平大学公派研究生项目5000名，国家公派专项研究生奖学金项目1000名。

●2008年选派学科中，国家中长期科技发展规划纲要中确定的重点领域及优先主题、重大专项、前沿技术和基础学科占总选派规模的85%。

●2008年2月20日前，完成校内评审工作，确定候选人。

根据《2008年国家公派研究生项目实施方案》，国家留学基金管理委员会（以下简称留学基金委）2008年计划选派6000名研究生出国留学。申请攻读博士研究生的学生，报名时必须提交国外院校的入学通知书、减免学费或获得学费资助的证明；而申请联合培养博士研究生的学生，则须提交国外院校正式邀请信、双方导师共同制定的研修计划和可能发生的与学习相关的费用说明。

中央民族大学研究生院负责人在接受采访时说，目前学校的公派研究生项目进展顺利，学生踊跃报名。负责该项目的老师谈到，待报名结束后，学校会对学生情况进行逐一核实，然后依据相关选拔标准筛选出“第一轮”符合要求的学生，再组织他们进行网上报名，最后将审核完毕的信息提交给留学基金委。

针对初审报名情况，中央民族大学研究生院青觉老师说，2007年学校共有32 名学生被推荐到研究生院，其中27名学生上报留学基金委，最终有16名学生入选。青觉老师称，去年中央民族大学实际派出的留学生人数与留学基金委的选派指标差距较大，针对这样的现象，校方查找了个中原因。2007年公派研究生项目，从部署、宣传到选拔等时间都较为仓促，加之绝大多数学生不熟悉申请及准备工作流程，无法在短时间内获得境外高校录取通知书及减免学费的证明，造成了材料准备不充分的现象出现。

此外，部分院系与国外导师交流的渠道也还不够畅通。这些因素都阻碍了报名工作的顺利进行。青觉老师说，今年公派研究生项目一启动，学校就召开了会议，全面总结了去年该项目凸显出来的一些问题，针对性地提出了解决办法。现在，不少欲申请公派留学的同学已提前向国外高校提出请求，专业主要分布在环境学、生态学以及经济学等领域。此外，学校还着力拓宽留学渠道，加强院系与导师间的国际交流。

据媒体报道称，申请联合培养博士研究生并获批的中国地质大学地学信息工程专业博士研究生马小刚在接受采访时介绍到，申请了联合培养博士研究生项目的同学，在准备过程中应积极地与国外导师取得联系，并撰写一份详细的研修计划，这非常重要。因为导师会针对研修计划以电子邮件的形式对学生提出各种问题，然后通过学生的回答来判断其英语水平和专业素质。

链接

12月25日，就2008年公派研究生项目的相关准备情况，我们咨询了国家留学基金委的副秘书长杨新育。

她介绍说，国家2008年给选派出国的留学生提供的奖学金生活费在额度上没有变化。

另外，留学基金委选拔国内最优秀的学生出国留学深造，目的是让他们学成归国后能承担起国家的教学科研重任。因此，每一个被派遣出国的学生，都应该是负责任的公民。此外，她还建议公派留学生，合理安排好自己的学习和生活，合理安排政府提供给他们的奖学金生活费，争取早日学成归国。

2008年国家公派研究生项目实施方案

专科生可以申请公派留学吗

08公派研究生项目启动 日常开销均来自国家资助

2008国家公派研究生项目申请材料说明

国家公派专项研究生奖学金项目一览表

附件:08年国家公派研究生项目应提交申请材料

移动硬盘

桌面存储王 希捷320GB移动硬盘990元
CNET中国·ZOL 【原创】 作者：中关村在线 孙玉亮 责任编辑：王刚 07年12月22日

　　全球第一大硬盘厂商希捷（Seagate）科技曾在2007国际消费电子产品展（CES）上推出一系列新产品移动硬盘，名为FreeAgent。该移动硬盘不仅在外观上下足功夫，其内部设计、核心技术、增值服务也都想得之分周到。目前希捷ST303204FDM101-RK 320GB FreeAgent移动硬盘已经大量到货市场，报价为990元。


希捷 freeagent
希捷320GB FreeAgent移动硬盘外包装

　　希捷320GB FreeAgent移动硬盘外包装采用纸盒材质，表面印刷颜色以白色为主，非常淡雅。包装正面印刷了产品外观图，同时享有超长5年的质量保证也让消费者买的更加放心。

希捷 freeagent 希捷 freeagent
希捷320GB FreeAgent移动硬盘外观特写（点击放大）

　　希捷320GB FreeAgent移动硬盘采用了稳重大方的黑色为基调，而橙色侧斜坡点缀又让这款移动硬盘多了几分活泼的色彩，硬盘盒体采用了ABS工程塑料设计，大大减轻了移动硬盘的重量，方便携带。移动硬盘内部采用7200转、16MB大容量缓存的320GB 3.5英寸硬盘，使得在大容量数据传输时也可以保证较高的速度。

希捷 freeagent 希捷 freeagent
希捷320GB FreeAgent移动硬盘底座和接口（点击放大）

　　希捷320GB FreeAgent移动硬盘的底座带有透气孔，提高了移动硬盘在工作时的散热性能，接口采用Mini USB 2.0+eSATA双重接口。

　　编辑评语：希捷320GB FreeAgent移动硬既美观又功能完善，集美学和数字内容管理于一身，同时还提供多种增值服务使得存储数据更加轻松。目前320GB容量移动硬盘售价仅为990元，感兴趣朋友不妨多多关注一下。

希捷320GB FreeAgent移动硬盘
[市场售价] 990元
[推荐商家] 北京中关村鼎好二期A2526#柜台
[联系电话] 010-62697095 / 62607096 / 13520356003


希捷便携移动硬盘FreeAgent 已上市!
CNET中国·PChome.net·原创 作者: 移动办公 责编:胡子 时间:2007-03-29 标签： 希捷 便携移动硬盘 FreeAgent

自从年初CES 2007上发布以来，希捷的新品牌便携移动硬盘“FreeAgent”终于已经上市。

迈拓从2001年开始发展的OneTouch品牌外置存储解决方案取得了不小的成功，而希捷在收购了迈拓之后也宣布重新划分品牌，并推出了FreeAgent Data Movers系列移动硬盘，目的在于将消费者从笔记本电脑的束缚中解放出来。希捷还保证，FreeAgent不会在远程计算机中留下任何密码或数据痕迹。

FreeAgent包含四个系列：

FreeAgent Pro：容量320GB、500GB、750GB，内有软件工具可管理数据，提供USB 2.0＋eSATA接口或双FireWire 400接口；可另外在希捷网络存储空间取得500MB空间，前六个月免费。售价199.99-419.99美元。

FreeAgent Go：容量80GB、120GB、160GB，具备USB 2.0接口，其中同步化功能部分来自迈拓。售价129.99-189.99美元。

FreeAgent Go Small：容量12GB，体积仅稍大于火柴盒，拥有折叠式USB插头。售价139.99美元。

FreeAgent Desktop：容量250GB、320GB、500GB，功能较少，提供USB 2.0接口。 售价149.99-249.99美元。

点击获取更多笔记本资讯

想知道更多关于移动办公方面的内容请访问移动办公频道。随时随地移动办公让您与工作零距离接触!
希捷推全新Freeagent系列数据移动硬盘(2)
2007年01月11日 18:20　源自:天极网　网友评论　【 字号： 大 中 小 】

　　FreeAgent Go(80GB, 120GB, 160GB)及FreeAgent Go Small(12GB)数据移动硬盘

　　希捷全新推出的FreeAgent Go™系列，专为大学生、移动用户及商务人士设计，将台式机置于掌中，实现随身携带计算机的理想。FreeAgent Go™系列不同于众多只能储存、保护或在计算机间同步处理档案的便携式储存解决方案，犹如一部包括收藏网页、密码与设定、实时通讯、电子邮件、地址簿及数码档案的计算机，免除掉搬运台式机或笔记本电脑之苦。只须将FreeAgent Go数码移动硬盘连接至办公室、机场、商业中心、咖啡店或朋友家中任何一部Windows系统计算机的USB 2.0端口，即可随时随地拥有用户个人化的计算体验。

　　使用完毕后，用户的私人数据及个人设定将储存在FreeAgent Go数据移动硬盘内，而不是刚使用完的计算机内。例如，青少年或大学生可拥有独立于家庭计算机以外的便携式运行环境，独立储存所下载的档案。此外，拔掉插头后，用户不会在计算机内留下任何痕迹，如密码、文档及网页浏览纪录。文档加密技术亦可增强数据的安全性，用户可藉此与家中或办公室中的任何数量的计算机同步处理任何数码档案。FreeAgent Go数据移动硬盘可在借用的计算机中不安装或储存任何程序的情况下，启用任何计算机上逾一百个免费或收费应用程序。

　　希捷FreeAgent Go Small(12GB)数据移动硬盘更为小巧，具有与其它同系列产品相同的创新软件性能，但体积稍大于火柴盒，方便随身携带。希捷FreeAgent Go Small拥有折叠式USB插头，外观设计格外简洁，而USB电源设计更免去使用电源线的繁琐。

　　所有纤巧解决方案的造型均简洁时尚，便于放在衬衫、裤子或外套袋中。其独特的咖啡棕色设计及闪烁琥珀色灯泡，更为此超薄设备增添时尚与非凡气质。 FreeAgent Go Small的建议零售价为139.99美元(12GB);FreeAgent Go系列的建议零售价为129.99美元(80GB)至189.99美元(160GB)不等。

希捷推出全新Freeagent系列数据移动硬盘

　　FreeAgent 台式机数据移动硬盘(250GB，320GB，500GB)

　　FreeAgent台式机移动硬盘适用于各种计算机用户，包括企业及小型企业专业人士，专业人士及学生等，是扩展图片、影片、音乐、游戏及文件储存容量的简易、理想之选。此硬盘为用户提供收集及读取数据的简便扩展式储存空间。希捷已开发出革命性垂直记录技术，在扩大产品容量上又迈进一步。其超薄设计与底座安装电线设计为用户解除掉桌面上电线杂乱无章的烦恼，而咖啡棕色光滑铝质表面及闪烁琥珀色灯饰更为用户的台式机增添非凡气质。此硬盘可兼容PC及 Mac，更有USB 2.0端口以方便连接，以及7200-RPM高速内置硬盘提供更佳性能。建议零售价为149.99美元(250GB)至249.99美元(500GB)不等

专家支招：出境带钱怎样方便又省心(图)
2007年12月22日 09:32:06 　来源：人民日报海外版


近年来，出境旅游观光、留学、商务、交流的中国人越来越多，到了境外，自然少不了消费。但是，许多人并不了解出境带汇的具体规定和办法，有时难免花些冤枉钱。为了帮助国人在境外安全、方便地“快乐消费”，我们特为您组织了这篇稿件——

不必带大量现钞 携带外币方式多

中国改革开放后，无论是出国留学、工作、商务交流，还是探亲访友、旅游的人员越来越多。出国需要大量资金，可中国人有个习惯，喜欢使用现金消费。现金消费会产生携带现金的风险。其实，携带外币的方式很多。中国银行相关人士建议，通过电汇、票汇、信用卡转账和旅行支票及开通境外银行账户等方式，都可以将资金汇往国外，等出国后再提款消费。

★携带现钞

优点


缺点

使用方便，手续简单


携带不安全，不能挂失。兑换时，现钞的牌价比现汇低，换得越多亏得越多

提示：短期境外旅行，花钱不多，可采用此方式。消费大，只适合做补充手段。

根据有关规定，境内居民个人携带等值2000美元以下的外币现钞出境不需申报；2000美元以上，需要向银行申领外汇携带证，一般不得携带10000美元以上外币现钞出境。

★旅行支票

优点


缺点
币种多，可直接用来消费，正广泛被旅游者和酒店、银行所接受。面额较高，没有使用限期，可以挂失。使用其消费和现金一样，可以找零。

旅行支票是由国际广泛认可的公司或组织发行，如著名的美国运通公司发行的运通旅行支票和VISA国际组织发行的VISA旅行支票，均可在世界各地使用，即使不能直接消费，很多银行也可以办理兑现业务。
购买手续费一般在1%左右。境外消费时，可能要收取一定的手续费。用不完的旅行支票回国兑换时，要扣除一部分费用。

提示：适合携带数量较大的金额。这是一种介于现金和国际信用卡之间的方式，和少量现钞结合，适合旅游时使用。

★国际信用卡

优点


缺点
服务全面，携带安全，使用方便。境外消费可直接刷卡，还可以透支使用。无论是哪个银行发行的信用卡，只要属于国际信用卡组织，如VISA卡或者 MASTER卡，都可在不同国家和地区的特约商户消费，也可在会员银行办理取现或者在全球标有“PLUS”或“CIRRUS”的ATM机上提款使用。

无论在哪个国家消费或取现，银行都会按照国际信用卡组织公布的外汇买卖牌价，自动转换成您所持有信用卡的币种进行结算，从而减少外币兑换的损失和麻烦。
申领时间长，手续麻烦，对申领者的审查比较严格。根据信用卡的信用额度和申请者的信用情况，还要缴纳一定的保证金和手续费。

提示：经常出国，或者长时间在不同国家旅行，一定要办理国际信用卡。

★电汇

优点


缺点
快捷，两天可以到账。 手续费相对较贵，一是收取电汇金额的千分之一，二是每汇一笔都要收取150元人民币电报费。而且要求收款者在国外已经有账户。

　提示：手续费有最高限额，即250元人民币封顶，所以每次汇钱越多越划算。因此，适合大额汇款或急用。

★汇票

优点


缺点
由办理国际业务的银行开立，资信可靠，手续费最低，2000美元的银行汇票，只需交纳人民币50—200元的手续费。汇票的币种和金额可以任意选择，而且见票即付。以中国银行为例，如果目的地有中国银行分支行，或当地银行中有中国银行账户，则用汇票可直接兑现。 不能直接消费使用。如果当地没有开立汇票银行的分支机构，则需要比较长的时间才可兑现，通常3到4天。对于团队行程安排很紧的人来说，不方便。

提示：适合于时间比较长、目的地单一的旅行，或者携带外汇数额比较大的时候使用。由于灵活性差，普通的跟团出境旅行不要采用这种方式。

特别提醒

旅行支票、国际信用卡和银行汇票的业务在中国银行都可办理，可供选择的种类也比较丰富。其他大部分银行也都有这种业务，详细情况可直接向相关银行进行咨询。
如何换汇更省钱 专业人士来支招

近年来，随着出国人员逐渐增多，到银行批汇、兑换外币支付旅途费用、学费、生活费的人也逐年增长。不过，一些人对于出国采用何种方式换汇没有多少研究，对兑换外币如何省钱不甚了解。据中国银行相关专业人士介绍，换取外汇，首先要了解中国外汇制度的相关常识，然后就是具体操作方法了。

★人民币“购汇”更省钱

如果您手中有外币现钞，可能以为直接汇款最省钱，其实拿人民币“购汇”更省钱。

★“钞变汇”中间有差价

“钞变汇”要通过银行买入再卖出，之中有差价，各个币种虽然不一样，但中间就要有折损。

提示：银行的外汇人民币牌价每天不同，要关注每日牌价，选择合适的时机也能节省一笔。

★换汇注意事项和常识

1、无论在何地办理护照及签证，都可以到户口所在地的中国银行分支机构办理换汇手续。为方便大家签证后直接出境的异地居民换汇，如签证日期与出境日期（以机票或火车票为准）间隔在3日之内，可持护照、签证、身份证、出境机票或火车票在中行北京分行换汇。

2、自费出境留学供汇对象为攻读大学本科以上学位的人员，可申请第一学年的学费和生活费换汇，以后的学费和生活费则不在换汇范围之内。

3、持一次性旅游护照者需由有关部门统一办理换汇手续。

4、持多次往返的往来港澳通行证的，一年之内多次出境只可换汇一次。

5、换汇应在出境前办理，事后不予补办。

6、中国人民银行各地中心支行（大城市）一年留学外汇最高批汇额为9999美元，高于此限额要报上一级管理机构批准。如果不够，一般采取的办法是每年申请一次，或等待上级银行的批准。

特别提醒

请不要去黑市外汇市场兑换外币。一则价差损失比较大；二则货币真伪难辨，容易上当受骗。
出国留学生活费 国际卡安全省心

孩子在国外读书，父母既担心孩子缺钱，给孩子多带钱又不放心。专家提醒，无须让孩子多带钱，只要用国际卡就可以轻松解决。

★中行长城国际卡

该卡有一定的透支额度，同时还有主附卡功能。父母在国内持有主卡，孩子在国外持有附卡。如果孩子缺钱，可以在该卡的透支额度内消费和取现，父母在国内只需用人民币购汇还款即可。同时，该卡还有一个监督孩子在国外消费的功能，孩子使用此卡在国外消费后，每月会有一个消费明细账单寄回国内，父母可以清楚地了解孩子在国外的消费情况。

出国金融服务好 优势业务供参考

目前，大多银行都成立了出国金融服务中心，推出的业务也是花样极多。

★资金汇出 中行光大有优势

中国银行与苏格兰皇家银行联合推出了代理开户见证服务。该项服务可让中国留学生在国内完成英国苏格兰皇家银行的账户申请手续，并可在离境前向该账户内汇入不超过1万英镑的款项。抵达英国后，可凭护照、录取通知书等文件，前往苏格兰皇家银行指定的就近网点，领取支票簿、银行卡，通知在英住址，即可激活账户使用。

光大银行在广州、上海等全国主要城市设立了12家出国金融服务中心，提供“一站式”出国金融服务。该行与英国大使馆文化教育处、爱尔兰使馆签证处都建立了合作关系，同时也是澳大利亚使馆和新加坡使馆签证处认可的国内金融机构。

★选对信用卡 安全又省心

很多银行都有办理国际卡的业务，目前很受青睐的是中国银行的长城国际信用卡。该卡可在全球加入MASTER卡或VISA卡组织的银行及ATM机上用密码提现，可在国外商店里刷卡消费，还可在网上购物。而且，该卡一户内可办两张附属卡。

★“银联卡” 另一种好选择

在国外有银联网络的区域，尽量用银联卡消费，不但安全方便，还能省下一笔费用。选择“银联通道”能避免多次货币转换的汇率风险，回国后只需以人民币还款，可以节省商品总价1%—2%的费用。

截至今年1月，银联已在25个国家和地区设立了分支机构，几乎覆盖了95%的境内游客经常去的地方，大大方便了持卡人的使用。（张 茜 郭力方）

新东方老师力推的25部练习口语的电影！

新东方老师力推的25部练习口语的电影！
作者: bohaiwan 发布日期: 2007-10-17 查看数: 332 出自: http://emuch.net
新东方老师力推的25部练习口语的电影！

1． 阿甘正传 “FORREST GUMP”
主演：Tom Hanks 汤姆 汉克斯

2． 电子情书 “YOU’VE GOT MAIL”
主演：Tom Hanks 汤姆 汉克斯 Meg Ryan 梅格 瑞安

3居家男人 “THE FAMILY MAN”
主演：Nicolas Cage 尼科拉斯 凯奇 Tea Leoni 蒂 里奥尼

4公主日记I.II. “THE PRINCESS DIARIES I II”
主演：Julie Andrews 朱丽 安德鲁斯 Anne Hatthaway 安妮 哈德威

5逃跑的新娘 “THE RUNAWAY BRIDE”
主演：Juliet Roberts 朱丽叶 罗伯斯 Richard Gere 理查 基尔

6新岳父大人 “FATHER OF THE BRIDE”
主演：Steve Martin 斯蒂夫 马丁 Diane Keaton 戴安 基顿

7BJ单身日记 “BRIDGET JONES’ DIARY I II”
主演：Renee Zellweger 雷尼 奇维格 Hugh Grant 休 格兰特

8奔腾年代 “SEA BISCUIT”
主演：Toby McQuaire 托比 迈奎尔

9蒙娜丽莎的微笑 “Mona Lisa’s Smile”
主演：Julia Roberts朱丽叶 罗伯斯 Julia Stiles 朱丽亚 斯蒂尔斯
Kristen Dunst 克里斯滕 等斯特

10甜心先生 “Jerry Maguaire”
主演：Tom Cruise 汤姆 克鲁斯 Renee Zelleweger 雷尼 奇维格

11热血强人 “Remember the Titans”
主演：Danzel Washington 丹泽尔 华盛顿

12铁血教练 “Coach Carter”
主演： Samuel Jackson萨姆尔 杰克逊

13重建人生 “Life As a House”
主演：Kevin Cline 凯文 克莱恩 Kristin Scott Thomas 克里斯丁 斯科特 托马斯
Hayden Christensen 海登 克里斯滕森

14．海上钢琴师 “The Legend of 1900”
主演：Tim Roth 蒂姆 罗斯

15．大话王 “Liar Liar”
主演：Jim Carrie 金 凯利

16. 单身插班生 “About a Boy”
主演：Hugn Grant 修 格兰特

17. 风流奇男子 “Alfie”
主演： Jude Law 裘德 洛

18. 妙手情真 “Patch Adams”
主演： Robin Williams 罗宾 威廉斯

19．变人 “Bicentennial Man”
主演： Robin Williams 罗宾 威廉斯

20. 猫屎先生 “As good as it gets”
主演：Jack NIckelson 杰克 尼科尔森
Helen Hunt 海伦 亨特

21．完美男人 “The Perfect Man”
主演： Hilary Duff 希拉里 荙芙 Chris Noth 克里斯 诺斯

22．婚礼男友 “The Wedding Date”
主演：Debra Messing 戴博拉 梅西 Dermot Mulroney 德莫特 麦隆尼

23． 男人百分百 “What Women Want”
主演：Mel Gibson 梅尔 吉普森 Helen Hunt 海伦 亨特

24. 老爸向前冲/冒牌老爸 “Big Daddy”
主演：Adam Sandler 亚当 桑德勒

25． 大鱼 “Big Fish”
主演：Evan McGregor 伊万 麦克格
[search]电影[/search]

网络英语资源

新东方词汇丛书文本＋mp3（市面上所有托福词汇书）


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《四级词汇词根+联想记忆法》配套MP3
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《大学英语四级考试核心高频词汇突破 》配套MP3
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《TOEFL iBT听力习语必备》配套MP3
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《GRE词汇精选》配套MP3
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另附
《生而为赢》配套MP3
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【分享】网上英语资料汇总 [精华]

作者: zhenyanweixiao 发布日期: 2007-10-29 查看数: 101 出自: http://emuch.net

翻译 http://www.bilinguist.com/ 汉英论坛，高手云集 http://www.chinatranslate.net/ 中国翻译网，号称全国最大的翻译专业网站 http://gb.transea.com/ 机器即时翻译，适合整体翻译网站及段落，但不够准确。适合一般人 http://www.si-china.net 自由翻译者冯京葆的个人网站，包括翻译知识、译坛趣事等。比较侧重同声传译，其版主冯京葆老师是国内最优秀的同传之一 http://www.rahul.net/lai/companion.html翻译者家庭助手。英文。 http://www.cn-trans.com/ 译者一个专业翻译网站，可以学到很多翻译的好东东，而且也有很多好内容 语法、阅读、教学、写作 http://wfwok.topcool.net/grammar.htm 比较详尽的语法教程，包括练习，可下载。 http://home.njenet.net.cn/ewriting/w/ewriting.htm 东南大学研究生写作课程，只有7 单元，对提高阅读和写作能力却很有帮助。 http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/subidx.cfm 英文在线教学网站的语法部分，120条。 http://www.englishchina.com/ 英语中国，有丰富的站点链接，更新较慢。 http://www.icansay.com/ 英文锁定。有很好的时文阅读材料。 http://edu.netbig.com/kaoyan/e4/245/20000524/25387.htm 网大英语试题库。 http://webster.commnet.edu/writing/writing.htm 英文写作助手。多种国外资源链接。 http://www.english.ac.cn/ 英语之声，非常全面 http://www.lrenglish.com/armysoft/default.htm 梁睿英语－－英语快速提高，可以实时收听英语广播 听力专题 http://202.38.69.59/ 个人网站，相当不错 http://www.tingxie.com/index.html 听写网站 http://www.broadcastenglish.com/special.htm 广播英语网 http://www.cycnet.com/englishcorner/listening/voa.htm 中青网 http://voa.soage.com/ voa 听力网 http://www.xlxch.com/lookmp3/mp3_rm.htm 听力特区 http://www.look4bug.com/ 可以实时收听很多电台 http://dsc.discovery.com/ 探索频道 DISCOVERY探索频道了，内容丰富 http://www.quancheng.org/ 活页英语，一些VOA新闻的文本 http://www.englishabc.net/ae/ 《美国习惯用语 Words & Idiom》是Voice of America推出的免费广播讲座 http://202.112.105.179/english/ 大家去看吧免费的听力新闻，带文本 http://www.yeworld.net/ 上外网 听读新闻是它最大的特色！ 练习VOA慢速英语的朋友，不要错过！也包括从儿童英语一直到大学英语的相关资料 http://www.english.ac.cn/listen/index.htm 超酷的英语听力站 有如下内容 ：新概念英语 听力入门 现代文阅读 ESL-Lab分级测试 CNNSF新闻测试 《圣经》在线 http://www.ol.com.cn/class/train/english.htm 通用英语百句(视频) http://www.gz.supergnet.com/local_content/zhang/edu/index.html 现代交际英语(视频) http://www.twr.org.hk/gb/OnAirF.html 轻轻松松学英语(在线广播) http://www.putclub.com 非常优秀的听力网站，论坛也非常不错。 http://ec.hku.hk/ 香港大学英语中心，非常好的一个网站 http://medweb.533.net/Estudy.htm 英语学习网，最主要的是澳大利亚英语广播讲座和一些连接 http://owl.english.purdue.edu/ 美国普渡大学的写作实验网上实验室 http://www.16congress.org.cn/ /amcstart.htm[/url] 台湾的教学节目，空中美语，网上收听 http://www.liveabc.com 台湾的英语教学网站，有杂志和线上广播 http://www.wwitv.com 汇集了全世界各国的broadband tv station http://www.researchchannel.org/ 美国大学的大量视频 http://202.112.105.179/english/ 新视界英语交流中心，有不少好东西 http://www.steglish.com/ 商业英语新天地，关于商业英语的好网站 考试资源网站 寄托网站专题 http://www.gter.net/index.jsp 寄托天下 http://www.taisha.org/ 太傻网站 http://jijing.org/ 机经论坛 http://www.bebeyond.com/ 对去外国深造mba的朋友很好的一个网站 http://www.toeflcn.net/ 托福上游，很多关于托福的东东 http://www.manfen.net/ 满分网，一个好的经验交流的地方 http://www.51test.com/ 教育部考试中心海外考试报名信息网 http://grediagnostic.ets.org:443/basic/blogin.htm Gre考试网上报名 雅思网站专题 http://211.147.1.40/ 无忧雅思，一个很著名的雅思网站 http://www.ielts.org/ 雅思的官方网站 http://www.ieltsnet.net/ 雅思考试专业站，关于雅思考试的许多东东 http://www.rotolife.com/ 关于雅思的一些资料 四、六级考试网站专题 http://english.chinaschool.net/test/cet/main.htm 天天英语CET专区 http://www.examres.com/c/at27.htm 考试资源 http://www.jzit.edu.cn/English-club/index.htm 英语俱乐部 四级宝殿 社区、听力、口语、演讲 http://www.lwood.net 沪江英语，本人见过的最好的英语学习网站之一，其论坛和ftp下载中心是最好的，人气极旺 http://www.wwenglish.org 可以与沪江英语全面竞争的旺旺英语，其论坛人气极旺 http://www.crazyenglish.org/ 疯狂英语俱乐部。英语学习方法、教程、各种最新资料。 http://www.360abc.com/ 世博英语，大量免费原创课程，很有特色，论坛也相当不错。 http://literacynet.org/cnnsf/ CNN英语学习资源 http://www.oeol.net/ 牛津英语在线Oxford English On line一个由牛津大学的毕业生们创建的英语学习网站，它致力于帮助中国人学习纯正的英语。该网站除传播英语知识，帮助中国人学习英语以及提高用英语自由 交流的技巧外，还能提供各种到国外留学的信息，并且介绍英语国家的文化传统和民风民俗知识。这是一个免费网站，它提供的所有知识、信息和服务都是完全免费 的。 http://www.tingli.com/ 听力网，众多时文，可下载收听，用REALPLAYER。 http://www.listeningexpress.com/ 部分VOA、BBC、NCE的听力材料 http://yyenglish.myrice.com/pages/data1.htm 羊羊的听力资料库，网况良好时请多多下载。 http://broadcast.yahoo.com 雅虎广播站，多个频道。 http://www.historychannel.com/speeches/ 美国历史频道演说集，需要REALPLAYER。 http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speechbank.htm　强大的名人演说集（文本＋录音）。 可搜索。 http://library.westmont.edu/bibinst/SearchAids/Com15.html　英文公共演讲练习资源。 http://oec.xmu.edu.cn/hanyu/eng/more.asp 英语学习园地--英语发音教程下载，大学英语考试（CET）口试录像 ，阳光英语，新编英语口语教程，全国公共英语等级考试，大学英语四、六级考试 http://www.tigtag.com/community/language/index.asp 滴答留学网站的英语天地--有关留学的一切，还有些外语培训类的东东 http://www.ppenglish.com.cn/《沛沛英语》。学沛沛的人可以去看看！ http://eee.tsinghua.edu.cn/ 清华网络学堂英语在线 --分为文化广场和学生广场两个板块：）去看看吧 http://www.englishtown.com/ 英语城，虽然是收费站点，但还是有许多免费的内容，来自世界各地的朋友全在这里学英文！最大特色是语音室！进去就可以用英文聊天了，注册就可以用（注册免费），还可以寻找英文笔友 Language Centre (http://info.ox.ac.uk/departments/langcentre/) Penobscot School, Rockland, Maine (http://www.midcoast.com/~penobsct/) Rice university (http://www.rice.edu/esl/) Salisbury School of English (http://www.u-net.com/eflweb/salisad.htm) Seattle Central Community College (http://www.sccd.ctc.edu/~ccglobal/) Southwest Texas State University (http://www.ideal.swt.edu/esl/eng_sec_lang.html) Tellus Language College, Vancouver, Canada (http://www.telluslc.com/) University at Buffalo (http://wings.buffalo.edu/gse/eli/) University of Arizona(http://wacky.ccit.arizona.edu/~cesl/capestat.html) University of Arkansas at Little Rock (http://www.ualr.edu/~ielp/index.html) University of California, Riverside (http://www.unex.ucr.edu/iephomepage.html) University of Dayton (http://www.udayton.edu/~cip/index.htm) University of Hawai’i (http://www.lll.hawaii.edu/esl) University of Houston (http://bentley.uh.edu/Englsih/LCC/home.htm) University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana (http:deil.lang.uiuc.edu/iei/) University of Limerick, Ireland (http://www.ul.ie/~clc/) University of Maine (http://www.ume.maine.edu/~iei) University of North Carolina (http://www.coe.unce.edu/~tcbriggs/elti.html) University of Northern Iowa (http://iscssun.uni.edu/ciep/) University of Pennsylvania (http://www.sas.upenn.edu/elp/) University of South Florida (http://quijote.lang.usf.edu/~elimain/index.html) University of Surrey (http://www.surrey.ac.uk/ELI/eli.html) University of Washington, Seattle (http://weber.u.washington.edu/~esl/) Vancouver English Centre (http://www.worldtel.com/vec/home.html) Vancouver Language Institute (http://www.imag.net/~vli/) Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand (http://www.vuw.ac.nz/eli/) Washington State University (http://www.ialc.wsu.edu/) Wayne State University (http://www.eli.wayne.edu/) Winfield College, Vancouver, Canada (http://www.WinfieldCollege.com/) World Learning, Vermont (http://www.worldlearning.org 特别提示:以上内容由 zhenyanweixiao 提供,小木虫为个人免费站点,仅提供交流平台,不对该内容负责.欢迎协助我们监督管理,如果您对该内容有异议,请立即联系通知管理员,我们保证在1个工作日内给予处理。

十七大报告英文版

HOLD HIGH THE GREAT BANNER OF SOCIALISM WITH CHINESE CHARACTERISTICS AND STRIVE FOR NEW VICTORIES IN BUILDING A MODERATELY PROSPEROUS SOCIETY IN ALL RESPECTS

Report to the Seventeenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China on Oct. 15, 2007

Hu Jintao

Comrades,

Now I would like to make a report to the Seventeenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) on behalf of the Sixteenth Central Committee.

The Seventeenth Congress is one of vital importance being held at a crucial stage of China's reform and development. The theme of the congress is to hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics, follow the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents, thoroughly apply the Scientific Outlook on Development, continue to emancipate the mind, persist in reform and opening up, pursue development in a scientific way, promote social harmony, and strive for new victories in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.

The great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the banner guiding development and progress in contemporary China and rallying the whole Party and the people of all ethnic groups in the country in our common endeavor. Emancipating the mind is a magic instrument for developing socialism with Chinese characteristics, reform and opening up provide a strong driving force for developing it, and scientific development and social harmony are basic requirements for developing it. Building a moderately prosperous society in all respects is a goal for the Party and the state to reach by 2020, and represents the fundamental interests of the people of all ethnic groups.

The world today is undergoing extensive and profound changes, and contemporary China is going through a wide-ranging and deep-going transformation. This brings us unprecedented opportunities as well as unprecedented challenges, with the formeroutweighing the latter. The whole Party must unswervingly hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics and lead the people in starting from this new historical point, grasping and making the most of the important period of strategic opportunities, staying realistic and pragmatic, forging ahead with determination, continuing to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects and accelerate socialist modernization, and accomplishing the lofty mission bestowed by the times.

I. The Work of the Past Five Years

The five years since the Sixteenth Congress was an extraordinary period. In order to accomplish the arduous tasks of reform and development in a complicated and volatile international situation, the Party led the people of all ethnic groups in holding high the great banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents, overcoming difficulties and risks, creating a new situation in the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics and attaining a new realm in adapting Marxism to conditions in China.

At its Sixteenth Congress the Party established the important thought of Three Represents as its guide and made the strategic decision to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects. In order to implement the guiding principles of the congress, the Central Committee convened seven plenary sessions, at which it made decisions on and arrangements for major issues of overall significance such as deepening institutional restructuring, improving the socialist market economy, strengthening the governance capability of the Party, drawing up the Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2006-10), and building a harmonious socialist society; and it formulated and applied the Scientific Outlook on Development and other major strategic thoughts. All this helped the Party and the state score great new achievements.

Economic strength increased substantially. The economy sustained steady and rapid growth. The GDP expanded by an annual average of over 10%. Economic performance improved significantly, national revenue rose markedly year by year, and prices were basically stable. Efforts to build a new socialist countryside yielded solid results, and development among regions became more balanced. The endeavor to make China an innovative nation registered good progress, with considerable improvement in the country's capacity for independent innovation. Notable achievements were scored in the construction of infrastructure including energy, transport and telecommunications facilities and other key projects. Manned spaceflights were successfully conducted. Fresh progress was registered in energy, resources, ecological and environmental conservation. The Tenth Five-Year Plan (2001-05) was fulfilled successfully and implementation of the eleventh is in smooth progress.

Major breakthroughs were made in reform and opening up. Comprehensive reforms in rural areas gradually deepened; agricultural tax, livestock tax and taxes on special agricultural products were rescinded throughout the country; and policies were constantly strengthened to support and benefit agriculture, rural areas and farmers. Significant headway was made in reform of the state assets management system, state-owned enterprises, banking, public finance, taxation, investment, pricing, and the system for managing science and technology. The non-public sector of the economy grew stronger. A sound market system was being put in place, macroeconomic regulation continued to improve, and transformation of government functions was accelerated. The total volume of imports and exports increased sharply. Solid steps were taken in implementing the "go global" strategy, and the open economy entered a new stage of development.

Living standards improved significantly. Both urban and rural incomes increased considerably, and most families had more property than before. The system of subsistence allowances for urban and rural residents was basically in place, guaranteeing basic living conditions for the poor. Residents improved their consumption patterns, had increasingly better food, clothing, housing, transport and other daily necessities, and enjoyed markedly improved public services.

Fresh progress was registered in improving democracy and the legal system. Political restructuring progressed steadily. Constant improvement was made in the system of people's congresses, the system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC and the system of regional ethnic autonomy. Primary-level democracy increased its vitality. The cause of human rights witnessed sound development. The patriotic united front grew stronger. A socialist law system with Chinese characteristics was basically in place. The rule of law was effectively implemented as a fundamental principle. Reform of the government administration system and the judicial system continued to deepen.

A new situation was created in cultural development. Efforts to establish the system of socialist core values made steady headway and marked achievements were scored in the Project to Study and Develop Marxist Theory. Extensive efforts were made to raise ideological and ethical standards and the whole of society became more culturally advanced. Cultural restructuring made important progress, cultural programs and the cultural industry developed rapidly, and the people enjoyed a richer cultural life. Fresh progress was made in public fitness programs and competitive sports.

Social development proceeded in an all-round way. Education of various kinds and at different levels developed rapidly. Free compulsory education was made available in all rural areas. More job opportunities were created. The social security system was strengthened. The battle against SARS came to a great victory. The public health system and basic medical care constantly improved, contributing to better health of the people. Social management improved step by step. Social stability was ensured and the people lived and worked in peace and contentment.

Historic achievements were scored in the development of national defense and the armed forces. The revolution in military affairs with Chinese characteristics was accelerated. The armed forces were reduced by 200,000 troops. Efforts were intensified in all respects to make the armed forces more revolutionary, modernized and standardized, which notably increased their capacity to accomplish their historical missions at this new stage in the new century.

Work related to Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan affairs was intensified. Hong Kong and Macao maintained their prosperity and stability and developed closer economic partnership with the mainland. Political parties on both sides of the Taiwan Straits started communication, and cross-Straits visits as well as economic and cultural exchanges reached a new high. The Anti-Secession Law was enacted to resolutely safeguard China's sovereignty and territorial integrity.

Major progress was made in all-directional diplomacy. Pursuing an independent foreign policy of peace, China energetically carried out diplomatic activities, enhanced exchanges and cooperation with other countries in various fields and played a major constructive role in international affairs. This created a favorable international environment for building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.

The great new undertaking to build the Party made solid progress. Endeavors to strengthen the Party's governance capability and vanguard nature were intensified. Efforts to make theoretical innovations and arm Party members with the achievements proved successful. The campaign to educate Party members to preserve their vanguard nature yielded substantial results. Intra-Party democracy continued to expand. Major headway was made in strengthening the Party's leading bodies and the ranks of its cadres, and especially in educating and training cadres. Work in relation to talented personnel was strengthened. Efforts were stepped up to reform the cadre and personnel system and make innovations in the organizational system. Remarkable results were achieved in improving the Party's style of work, upholding integrity and combating corruption.

While recognizing our achievements, we must be well aware that they still fall short of the expectations of the people and that there are still quite a few difficulties and problems on our way forward. The outstanding ones include the following: Our economic growth is realized at an excessively high cost of resources and the environment. There remains an imbalance in development between urban and rural areas, among regions, and between the economy and society. It has become more difficult to bring about a steady growth of agriculture and continued increase in farmers' incomes. There are still many problems affecting people's immediate interests in areas such as employment, social security, income distribution, education, public health, housing, work safety, administration of justice and public order; and some low-income people lead a rather difficult life. More efforts are needed to promote ideological and ethical progress. The governance capability of the Party falls somewhat short of the need to deal with the new situation and tasks. In-depth investigations and studies have yet to be conducted on some major practical issues related to reform, development and stability. Some primary Party organizations are weak and lax. A small number of Party cadres are not honest and upright, their formalism and bureaucratism are quite conspicuous, and extravagance, waste, corruption and other undesirable behavior are still serious problems with them. We must pay close attention to these problems and continue our efforts to solve them.

To sum up, the past five years was a period in which substantial progress was made in reform, opening up and building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. During this period, China's overall strength grew considerably and the people enjoyed more tangible benefits. China's international standing and influence rose notably. The creativity, cohesion and combat effectiveness of the Party increased significantly, and the whole Party and the people of all ethnic groups became more united. Facts have proved that the major policy decisions made by the Central Committee at and since the Sixteenth Congress are perfectly correct.

Our achievements over the past five years are attributed to the concerted efforts of the whole Party and the people of all ethnic groups. On behalf of the Central Committee, I wish to express our heartfelt thanks to the people of all ethnic groups, the democratic parties, people's organizations and patriots from all walks of life, to our compatriots in the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macao and in Taiwan as well as overseas Chinese nationals, and to our foreign friends who care about and support China's modernization drive!

II. The Great Historical Course of Reform and Opening Up

We will soon be celebrating the 30th anniversary of the start of reform and opening up. In 1978, the Party held the historic Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, which ushered in the new historical period of reform and opening up. Since then, the Chinese Communists and the Chinese people have, in an indomitable enterprising spirit and with their spectacular practice of innovation, composed a new epic recounting the Chinese nation's ceaseless efforts to make progress and become stronger, and historic changes have taken place in the visages of the Chinese people, socialist China and the CPC.

Reform and opening up represent a great new revolution carried on by the people under the Party's leadership in a new era to release and develop the productive forces, modernize the country, bring prosperity to the Chinese people and achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation; to promote the self-improvement and development of China's socialist system, inject new vitality into socialism, and build and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics; and to improve the building of the Party as it leads contemporary China in development and progress, preserve and enhance its vanguard nature, and ensure that it is always in the forefront of the times.

We must never forget that the great cause of reform and opening up was conducted on a foundation laid by the Party's first generation of central collective leadership with Comrade Mao Zedong at its core, which founded Mao Zedong Thought, led the whole Party and the people of all ethnic groups in establishing the People's Republic and scoring great achievements in our socialist revolution and construction, and gained invaluable experience in its painstaking exploration for laws governing socialist construction. The victory in the new-democratic revolution and the establishment of the basic system of socialism provided the fundamental political prerequisite and institutional basis for every inch of development and progress in contemporary China.

We must never forget that the great cause of reform and opening up was initiated by the Party's second generation of central collective leadership with Comrade Deng Xiaoping at its core leading the whole Party and the people of all ethnic groups in the endeavor. In a precarious situation left by the "cultural revolution" (1966-76), the second generation of central collective leadership, persisting in emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts and displaying immense political and theoretical courage, made a scientific appraisal of Comrade Mao Zedong and Mao Zedong Thought, thoroughly repudiated the erroneous theory and practice of "taking class struggle as the key link," and made the historic policy decision to shift the focus of the work of the Party and the state onto economic development and introduce reform and opening up. It established the basic line for the primary stage of socialism, sounded the clarion call of the times for taking our own road and building socialism with Chinese characteristics, founded Deng Xiaoping Theory, and led the whole Party and the people of all ethnic groups in striding forward on the great journey of reform and opening up.

We must never forget that the great cause of reform and opening up was carried on, developed and successfully carried into the 21st century by the Party's third generation of central collective leadership with Comrade Jiang Zemin at its core leading the whole Party and the people of all ethnic groups on this mission. From the Fourth Plenary Session of the Thirteenth Central Committee through the Sixteenth Congress, the third generation of central collective leadership, which took over the helm at a critical historical juncture, held high the great banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory, pressed ahead with reform and opening up and kept up with the times. Relying on the Party and the people, it stood the severe tests of political turbulences and economic risks at home and abroad, safeguarded socialism with Chinese characteristics, initiated the new, socialist market economy and ushered in a new phase of all-round opening up; and it advanced the great new undertaking to build the Party, founded the important thought of Three Represents, and steered the ship of reform and opening up forward on the right course.

Since the Sixteenth Congress, we have followed the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents, kept up with new developments and changes in and outside China, grasped the strategic opportunities in this important period, promoted the truth-seeking, pragmatic and pioneering spirit and persisted in innovation in both theory and practice. We have worked hard to promote scientific development and social harmony, improved the socialist market economy, and resolutely carried forward the great cause of reform and opening up in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.

Reform and opening up constitute the most salient feature of the new period. From the countryside to the cities and from the economic to other areas, the process of sweeping reform has unfolded with irresistible momentum. From the coastal areas to areas along the Yangtze River and the borders, and from the eastern to the central and western regions, the door has been resolutely opened to the outside world. This great undertaking of reform and opening up, never seen before in history, has greatly stimulated the enthusiasm of hundreds of millions of Chinese people and brought about China's historic transformation from a highly centralized planned economy to a robust socialist market economy, and from a closed or semi-closed state to all-round opening up. Today socialist China is standing rock-firm in the East, oriented toward modernization, the world and the future.

Rapid development represents the most remarkable achievement in the new period. The Party has been implementing the three-step strategy for modernization, leading the people in working hard to promote China's sustained rapid development at a rate rarely seen in the world. China's economy, once on the verge of collapse, has grown to rank as the fourth largest in the world, and its import and export volume, the third biggest. The Chinese people, once inadequately fed and clad, are leading a fairly comfortable life on the whole. The impoverished population in rural areas has dropped from more than 250 million to just over 20 million. The country's achievements in political, cultural and social development have captured world attention. China's development has not only enabled its people to move steadily toward prosperity and happiness, but also contributed substantially to the growth of the world economy and the progress of human civilization.

Keeping up with the times is the most prominent hallmark of the new period. Adhering to the Marxist ideological line, the Party has been constantly seeking answers to major theoretical and practical questions such as what socialism is and how to build it, what kind of party we must build and how to build it, and what kind of development China should achieve and how to achieve it. The Party has been constantly adapting Marxism to conditions in China, and adhering to and enriching its own basic theory, line, program and experience. Socialism and Marxism have shown great vitality on Chinese soil, brought more benefits to the people, and enabled the Chinese nation to catch up with the trend of the times in great strides and see the bright future of national rejuvenation.

Facts have incontrovertibly proved that the decision to begin reform and opening up is vital to the destiny of contemporary China, that reform and opening up are the only way of developing socialism with Chinese characteristics and rejuvenating the Chinese nation, that only socialism can save China and that only reform and opening up can develop China, socialism and Marxism.

As a great new revolution, reform and opening up are not to be plain sailing or be accomplished overnight. Essentially they accord with the aspirations of the Party membership and the people and keep up with the trend of the times. The orientation and path of reform and opening up are entirely correct, and their merits and achievements can never be negated. To stop or reverse reform and opening up would only lead to a blind alley.

In the historical course of reform and opening up, the Party has combined adhering to the basic tenets of Marxism with adapting it to Chinese conditions, upholding the Four Cardinal Principles with adhering to the reform and opening up policy, respecting the people's pioneering initiative with strengthening the Party's leadership, adhering to the basic system of socialism with developing the market economy, effecting changes in the economic base with promoting reform of the superstructure, developing the productive forces with improving the cultural and ethical quality of the whole nation, raising efficiency with promoting social equity, pursuing independent development with taking part in economic globalization, promoting reform and development with maintaining social stability, and advancing the great cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics with making progress in the great new undertaking to build the Party. In this course the Party has gained invaluable experience in eliminating poverty, accelerating modernization, and consolidating and developing socialism in a large developing country of over one billion people.

To sum up, the fundamental reason behind all our achievements and progress since the reform and opening up policy was introduced is that we have blazed a path of socialism with Chinese characteristics and established a system of theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Essentially, to hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics means to keep to this path and uphold this system.

Taking the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics means we will, under the leadership of the CPC and in light of China's basic conditions, take economic development as the central task, adhere to the Four Cardinal Principles and persevere in reform and opening up, release and develop the productive forces, consolidate and improve the socialist system, develop the socialist market economy, socialist democracy, an advanced socialist culture and a harmonious socialist society, and make China a prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced and harmonious modern socialist country. The main reason this path is completely correct and can lead China to development and progress is that we have adhered to the basic tenets of scientific socialism and in the meantime added to them distinct Chinese characteristics in light of China's conditions and the features of the times. In contemporary China, to stay true to socialism means to keep to the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

Theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics constitute a system of scientific theories including Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thought of Three Represents, and the Scientific Outlook on Development and other major strategic thoughts. This system represents the Party's adherence to and development of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought and embodies the wisdom and hard work of several generations of Chinese Communists leading the people in carrying out tireless explorations and practices. It is the latest achievement in adapting Marxism to Chinese conditions, the Party's invaluable political and intellectual asset, and the common ideological foundation for the concerted endeavor of the people of all ethnic groups. It is an open system that keeps developing. Practices since the publication of the Communist Manifesto nearly 160 years ago have proved that only when Marxism is integrated with the conditions of a specific country, advances in step with the times and is tied to the destiny of the people can it demonstrate its strong vitality, creativity and appeal. In contemporary China, to stay true to Marxism means to adhere to the system of theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

There is no end to practice or innovation. All Party members must cherish the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the system of theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics, which the Party explored and created after going through all the hardships, keep to the path and uphold the system for a long time to come and constantly develop them. We must continue to emancipate our minds, seek truth from facts, keep up with the times, make bold changes and innovations, stay away from rigidity or stagnation, fear no risks, never be confused by any interference, broaden our path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and ensure that the truth of Marxism of contemporary China shines even more brightly.

III. Thoroughly Applying the Scientific Outlook on Development

To continue to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics at the new stage of development, we must follow the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents and thoroughly apply the Scientific Outlook on Development.

The Scientific Outlook on Development is a continuation and development of the important thoughts on development advanced by the previous three generations of central collective leadership of the CPC and a concentrated expression of the Marxist world outlook and methodology with regard to development. It is a scientific theory that is in the same line as Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents and keeps up with the times. It is an important guiding principle for China's economic and social development and a major strategic thought that we must uphold and apply in developing socialism with Chinese characteristics.

In light of the basic reality that China is in the primary stage of socialism, the Scientific Outlook on Development has been formulated to meet new requirements of development by analyzing China's own practice and drawing on the experience of other countries in development. At this new stage in the new century, China's development shows a series of new features which are mainly as follows: The economic strength has increased markedly, but the overall productivity remains low, the capacity for independent innovation is weak, and the longstanding structural problems and the extensive mode of growth are yet to be fundamentally addressed. The socialist market economy is basically in place, but there remain structural and institutional obstacles slowing down development, and further reform in difficult areas is confronted with deep-seated problems. A relatively comfortable standard of living has been achieved for the people as a whole, but the trend of a growing gap in income distribution has not been thoroughly reversed, there are still a considerable number of impoverished and low-income people in both urban and rural areas, and it has become more difficult to accommodate the interests of all sides. Efforts to balance development have yielded remarkable results, but the foundation of agriculture remains weak, the rural areas still lag behind in development, and we face an arduous task to narrow the urban-rural and interregional gaps in development and promote balanced economic and social development. Socialist democracy has continued to develop and we have made steady progress in implementing the rule of law as a fundamental principle, but efforts to improve democracy and the legal system fall somewhat short of the need to expand people's democracy and promote economic and social development, and political restructuring has to be deepened. Socialist culture is thriving as never before, but the people have growing cultural needs and have become more independent, selective, changeable and diverse in thinking, setting higher requirements for the development of an advanced socialist culture. Our society has become evidently more dynamic, but profound changes have taken place in the structure of society, in the way society is organized and in the pattern of social interests, and many new issues have emerged in social development and management. China is opening wider to the outside world, but international competition is becoming increasingly acute, pressure in the form of the economic and scientific dominance of developed countries will continue for a long time to come, both predictable and unpredictable risks are increasing, and the need to balance domestic development and opening to the outside world is greater than ever.

All this shows that through the unremitting efforts we have made since the founding of the People's Republic in 1949, particularly since the introduction of the reform and opening up policy, China has scored achievements in development that have captured world attention, and experienced far-reaching changes in the productive forces and the relations of production, as well as in the economic base and the superstructure. However, the basic reality that China is still in the primary stage of socialism and will remain so for a long time to come has not changed, nor has Chinese society's principal contradiction - the one between the ever-growing material and cultural needs of the people and the low level of social production. The current features of development in China are a concrete manifestation of that basic reality at this new stage in the new century. Stressing recognition of the basic reality is not meant to belittle ourselves, wallow in backwardness, or encourage unrealistic pursuit of quick results. Rather, such recognition will serve as the basis of our endeavor to advance reform and plan for development. We must always remain sober-minded, base our efforts on the most significant reality that China is in the primary stage of socialism, scientifically analyze the new opportunities and challenges arising from China's full involvement in economic globalization, fully understand the new situation and tasks in China's advance toward an industrialized, information-based, urbanized, market-oriented and internationalized country, have a good grasp of the new issues and problems we face in development, follow more conscientiously the path of scientific development, and strive to open up a broader vista for developing socialism with Chinese characteristics.

The Scientific Outlook on Development takes development as its essence, putting people first as its core, comprehensive, balanced and sustainable development as its basic requirement, and overall consideration as its fundamental approach.

- We must regard development as the top priority of the Party in governing and rejuvenating the country. Development is of decisive significance for building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and speeding up socialist modernization. We must firmly commit ourselves to the central task of economic development, concentrate on construction and development, and keep releasing and developing the productive forces. We must better implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education, the strategy of strengthening the nation with trained personnel and the strategy of sustainable development. We must grasp the law of development, make innovations in our thinking, transform the mode of development, crack hard issues and raise quality and efficiency to achieve sound and rapid development, so that we can lay a solid foundation for developing socialism with Chinese characteristics. We must strive for scientific development by putting people first and making it comprehensive, balanced and sustainable; we must strive for harmonious development by integrating all undertakings and promoting unity and amity among all members of society; and we must strive for peaceful development in the course of which China develops itself by safeguarding world peace and contributes to world peace by developing itself.

- We must always put people first. Serving the people wholeheartedly is the fundamental purpose of the Party, and its every endeavor is for the well-being of the people. We must always make sure that the aim and outcome of all the work of the Party and the state is to realize, safeguard and expand the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people. We must respect the principal position of the people in the country's political life, give play to their creativity, protect their rights and interests, take the path of prosperity for all and promote their all-round development, to ensure that development is for the people, by the people and with the people sharing in its fruits.

- We must pursue comprehensive, balanced and sustainable development. In accordance with the overall arrangements for the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics, we will promote all-round economic, political, cultural and social development, coordinate all links and aspects of our modernization drive, and balance the relations of production with the productive forces and the superstructure with the economic base. We must adopt an enlightened approach to development that results in expanded production, a better life and sound ecological and environmental conditions, and build a resource-conserving and environment-friendly society that coordinates growth rate with the economic structure, quality and efficiency, and harmonizes economic growth with the population, resources and the environment, so that our people will live and work under sound ecological and environmental conditions and our economy and society will develop in a sustainable way.

- We must persist in overall consideration. We need to correctly understand and handle the major relationships in the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics and balance urban and rural development, development among regions, economic and social development, relations between man and nature, and domestic development and opening to the outside world. We must take into overall consideration the relationships between the central and local authorities, between personal and collective interests, between interests of the part and those of the whole, and between immediate and long-term interests, so as to fully arouse the initiative of all sides. We must take both the domestic and international situations into consideration, develop a global and strategic perspective, be good at seizing opportunities for development and coping with risks and challenges in a changing world, and work for a favorable international environment. While planning our work from an overall perspective, we need to work hard to make breakthroughs on the key issues that affect the overall situation and on the major problems that affect public interests.

To thoroughly apply the Scientific Outlook on Development, we must always adhere to the Party's basic line of taking economic development as the central task and upholding the Four Cardinal Principles and the reform and opening up policy, known as "one central task and two basic points." As the lifeblood of the Party and the country, this basic line provides the political guarantee for scientific development. Taking economic development as the central task is vital to invigorating our nation and is the fundamental requirement for the robust growth and lasting stability of the Party and the nation. The Four Cardinal Principles are the very foundation for building our country and the political cornerstone for the survival and development of the Party and the nation. Reform and opening up are the path to a stronger China and the source of vitality for the Party and the nation in development and progress. We will continue to apply the line of "one central task and two basic points" in its entirety in our great endeavor to develop socialism with Chinese characteristics; we will never deviate from this line.

To thoroughly apply the Scientific Outlook on Development, we must work energetically to build a harmonious socialist society. Social harmony is an essential attribute of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Scientific development and social harmony are integral to each other and neither is possible without the other. Building a harmonious socialist society is a historical mission throughout the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics, as well as a historical process and the social outcome of correctly handling various social problems on the basis of development. It is through development that we will increase the material wealth of society and constantly improve people's lives, and it is again through development that we will guarantee social equity and justice and constantly promote social harmony. To realize social equity and justice is the Chinese Communists' consistent position and a major task of developing socialism with Chinese characteristics. In accordance with the general requirements for democracy and the rule of law, equity and justice, honesty and fraternity, vigor and vitality, stability and order, and harmony between man and nature and the principle of all the people building and sharing a harmonious socialist society, we will spare no effort to solve the most specific problems of the utmost and immediate concern to the people and strive to create a situation in which all people do their best, find their proper places in society and live together in harmony, so as to provide a favorable social environment for development.

To thoroughly apply the Scientific Outlook on Development, we must continue to deepen reform and opening up. We need to incorporate the spirit of reform and innovation into all links of governance, unswervingly adhere to the orientation of reform, and have more scientific decision-making and better coordinated measures for reform. We will improve the socialist market economy, promote institutional reform and innovation in various sectors, accelerate reform in important fields and crucial links, improve opening up in all respects and make our systems and mechanisms full of vigor, highly efficient, more open and conducive to scientific development, so as to provide a powerful driving force and an institutional guarantee for developing socialism with Chinese characteristics. We will always take improving people's lives as a pivotal task in balancing reform, development and stability and ensure that our reform always has the endorsement and support of the people.

To thoroughly apply the Scientific Outlook on Development, we must strengthen our efforts to build the Party in earnest. As is required by the Party's lofty mission of governing and rejuvenating the nation, our efforts to improve the Party's governance capability and maintain and develop its vanguard nature must serve our task of directing scientific development, promoting social harmony, guiding development and progress in China and better representing and realizing the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people. In this way, the Party's work and our efforts to build the Party will better meet the requirement of the Scientific Outlook on Development and provide a reliable political and organizational guarantee for scientific development.

All Party members must fully understand the content and grasp the essence of the Scientific Outlook on Development, be more conscious and determined in applying it, change notions that are not in line with it, work hard to solve major problems that affect or constrain scientific development, direct the whole society's enthusiasm for development to scientific development, and apply this outlook to every aspect of economic and social development.

IV. New Requirements for Attaining the Goal of Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects

We have made steady progress toward the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects set at the Sixteenth Congress, and we will continue to work hard to ensure its attainment by 2020.

In keeping with changes in domestic and international situations and in light of the expectations of the people of all ethnic groups for a better life, we must follow the trend and laws of economic and social development, uphold the basic program consisting of the basic objectives and policies for economic, political, cultural and social development under socialism with Chinese characteristics, and set new and higher requirements for China's development on the basis of the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects set at the Sixteenth Congress.

- Promote balanced development to ensure sound and rapid economic growth. The development pattern will be significantly transformed. We will quadruple the per capita GDP of the year 2000 by 2020 through optimizing the economic structure and improving economic returns while reducing consumption of resources and protecting the environment. The socialist market economy will be improved. We will greatly enhance our capacity for independent innovation, enabling scientific and technological advancement to contribute much more to economic growth and making China an innovative country. The ratio of consumption to GDP will increase steadily, and consumption, investment and export will be coordinated to boost economic growth. A mechanism for urban and rural areas and for different regions to have balanced and interactive development and a layout of development priority zones will be basically in place. Efforts to build a new socialist countryside will make significant headway. The proportion of urban residents will notably increase.

- Expand socialist democracy and better safeguard the people's rights and interests as well as social equity and justice. Citizens' participation in political affairs will expand in an orderly way. The rule of law will be carried out more thoroughly as a fundamental principle, public awareness of law will be further enhanced, and fresh progress will be made in government administration based on the rule of law. Primary-level democracy will be improved. The government will markedly enhance its capability of providing basic public services.

- Promote cultural development and notably enhance the cultural and ethical quality of the whole nation. Socialist core values will prevail among the people, and fine ideological and ethical trends will be encouraged. A basic system of public cultural services will cover the whole society, the cultural industry will account for much more of the national economy and become more competitive internationally, and a more abundant supply of cultural products will be available to meet the people's needs.

- Accelerate the development of social programs and improve every aspect of the people's well-being. The modern system of national education will be further improved, a basic system for lifelong education will be in place, the educational attainment of the whole nation will rise to a much higher level, and the training of innovative personnel will be improved markedly. Employment will be further expanded. A basic system of social security will cover both urban and rural residents so that everyone is assured of basic living standards. A reasonable and orderly pattern of income distribution will be basically in place, with middle-income people making up the majority and absolute poverty basically eliminated. Everyone will have access to basic medical and health services. The system of social management will be further improved.

- Promote a conservation culture by basically forming an energy- and resource-efficient and environment-friendly structure of industries, pattern of growth and mode of consumption. We will have a large-scale circular economy and considerably increase the proportion of renewable energy sources in total energy consumption. The discharge of major pollutants will be brought under effective control and the ecological and environmental quality will improve notably. Awareness of conservation will be firmly established in the whole of society.

When the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects is attained by 2020, China, a large developing socialist country with an ancient civilization, will have basically accomplished industrialization, with its overall strength significantly increased and its domestic market ranking as one of the largest in the world. It will be a country whose people are better off and enjoy markedly improved quality of life and a good environment. Its citizens will have more extensive democratic rights, show higher ethical standards and look forward to greater cultural achievements. China will have better institutions in all areas and Chinese society will have greater vitality coupled with stability and unity. The country will be still more open and friendly to the outside world and make greater contributions to human civilization.

The following five years will be a crucial period for building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. We must enhance our confidence and work hard to lay a more solid foundation for success in building a moderately prosperous society of a higher level in all respects to the benefit of over one billion people.

V. Promoting Sound and Rapid Development of the National Economy

To attain the objectives for economic development, it is essential to significantly accelerate the transformation of the development pattern and improve the socialist market economy. We need to vigorously push forward strategic economic restructuring and make greater efforts to improve China's capacity for independent innovation as well as energy and environmental conservation, and to enhance the overall quality of the economy and its international competitiveness. We need to deepen our understanding of the laws governing the socialist market economy, introduce institutions to give better play to the basic role of market forces in allocating resources, and form a system of macroeconomic regulation conducive to scientific development.

1. Enhance China's capacity for independent innovation and make China an innovative country. This is the core of our national development strategy and a crucial link in enhancing the overall national strength. We need to keep to the path of independent innovation with Chinese characteristics and improve our capacity for independent innovation in all areas of modernization. We need to conscientiously implement the Outline of the National Program for Long- and Medium-Term Scientific and Technological Development (2006-20), increase spending on independent innovation, and make breakthroughs in key technologies vital to our economic and social development. We will speed up forming a national innovation system and support basic research, research in frontier technology and technological research for public welfare. We will step up our efforts to establish a market-oriented system for technological innovation, in which enterprises play the leading role and which combines the efforts of enterprises, universities and research institutes, and guide and support the concentration of factors of innovation in enterprises, thereby promoting the translation of scientific and technological advances into practical productive forces. We will deepen reform of the system for managing science and technology, optimize the allocation of relevant resources, and improve the legal guarantee, policy system, incentive mechanism and market conditions to encourage technological innovation and the application of scientific and technological achievements in production. We will implement the strategy for intellectual property rights. We will make the best use of international resources of science and technology. We will continue to create conditions conducive to innovation, work to train world-class scientists and leaders in scientific and technological research, attach great importance to training innovative personnel in the frontline of production, inspire the creative wisdom of the whole society and bring forth large numbers of innovative personnel in all areas.

2. Accelerate transformation of the mode of economic development and promote upgrading of the industrial structure. This is a pressing strategic task vital to the national economy as a whole. We must keep to the new path of industrialization with Chinese characteristics, pursue the policy of boosting domestic demand, particularly consumer demand, and propel three transitions in the mode of economic growth: the transition from relying mainly on investment and export to relying on a well coordinated combination of consumption, investment and export, the transition from secondary industry serving as the major driving force to primary, secondary and tertiary industries jointly driving economic growth, and the transition from relying heavily on increased consumption of material resources to relying mainly on advances in science and technology, improvement in the quality of the workforce and innovation in management. We will develop a modern industrial system, integrate IT application with industrialization, push our large industries to grow stronger, invigorate the equipment manufacturing industry, and eliminate outdated production capacities. We will upgrade new- and high-technology industries and develop information, biotechnology, new materials, aerospace, marine and other industries. We will develop the modern service industry and raise the level of the service sector and its share in the economy. We will step up efforts to improve basic industries and infrastructure and accelerate development of a modern energy industry and a comprehensive transport system. We will ensure the quality and safety of products. We will encourage formation of internationally competitive conglomerates.

3. Balance urban and rural development and build a new socialist countryside. As resolution of issues concerning agriculture, rural areas and farmers has an overall impact on building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, we must always make it a top priority in the work of the whole Party. We will strengthen the position of agriculture as the foundation of the national economy, take a path of agricultural modernization with Chinese characteristics, set up a permanent mechanism of industry promoting agriculture and urban areas helping rural areas, and form a new pattern that integrates economic and social development in urban and rural areas. We will continue to take developing modern agriculture and invigorating the rural economy as a primary task, strengthen infrastructure in rural areas, and improve the system of rural markets and that of services for agriculture. We will increase policy measures to support and benefit agriculture, rural areas and farmers, strictly protect arable land, increase spending on agriculture, promote advances in agriculture-related science and technology, and improve overall agricultural production capacity to ensure food security for the nation. We will intensify efforts to prevent and control animal and plant epidemic diseases and improve the quality and safety of agricultural products. To increase farmers' income, we will develop rural enterprises, expand county economies, and transfer rural labor out of farming through various channels. We will enhance poverty reduction through development. We will deepen the comprehensive rural reform, promote reform and innovation in the rural banking system, and reform the system of collective forest rights. We will uphold the basic system for rural operations, stabilize and improve land contract relations, improve the market for transferring land contract and management rights in accordance with the law and on a voluntary and compensatory basis, and develop various forms of appropriate large-scale operations where conditions permit. We will explore effective forms of collective economic operations, develop specialized farmers' cooperatives, and support the industrialized operation of agriculture and the development of leading agribusinesses. We will train a new type of farmers who are educated and understand both agricultural techniques and business management, and encourage hundreds of millions of farmers to play the major role in building a new countryside.

4. Improve energy, resources, ecological and environmental conservation and enhance China's capacity for sustainable development. Adhering to the basic state policy of conserving resources and the environment is vital to the immediate interests of the people and the survival and development of the Chinese nation. We must give prominence to building a resource-conserving, environment-friendly society in our strategy for industrialization and modernization and get every organization and family to act accordingly. We will improve laws and policies to promote energy, resources, ecological and environmental conservation, and speed up the formation of systems and mechanisms for sustainable development. We will implement the responsibility system for conserving energy and reducing emissions. We will develop and extend advanced and appropriate technologies for conserving, substituting and recycling energy and resources and for controlling pollution, develop clean and renewable energy sources, protect land and water resources and set up a scientific, rational system for using energy and resources more efficiently. We will develop environmental conservation industries. We will increase spending on energy and environmental conservation with the focus on intensifying prevention and control of water, air and soil pollution and improving the living environment for both urban and rural residents. We will improve water conservancy, forestry and grasslands, intensify efforts to bring desertification under control and prevent the spread of stony deserts, and promote restoration of the ecosystems. We will enhance our capacity to respond to climate change and make new contributions to protecting the global climate.

5. Promote balanced development among regions and improve the pattern of land development. To narrow the gap in development among regions, we must work to ensure their equal access to basic public services and guide a rational flow of factors of production between regions. Following the general strategy for regional development, we will continue to carry out large-scale development of the western region, rejuvenate northeast China and other old industrial bases in an all-round way, boost the development of the central region and support the eastern region in taking the lead in development. We will strengthen land planning, improve policies for regional development and adjust the geographical distribution of economic operations in accordance with the requirement to form development priority zones. In compliance with the laws governing the market economy, we will work beyond administrative divisions to form a number of close-knit economic rims and belts that will provide a strong impetus to the development of other areas. In locating major projects, we must give full consideration to supporting development of the central and western regions and encourage the eastern region to help them develop. We will give more support to the development of old revolutionary base areas, ethnic autonomous areas, border areas and poverty-stricken areas. We will help transform the economies of areas where natural resources are exhausted. We will have the special economic zones, the Pudong New Area in Shanghai and the Binhai New Area in Tianjin play a major role in reform, opening up and independent innovation. Taking a path of urbanization with Chinese characteristics, we will promote balanced development of large, medium-sized and small cities and towns on the principle of balancing urban and rural development, ensuring rational distribution, saving land, providing a full range of functions and getting larger cities to help smaller ones. Focusing on increasing the overall carrying capacity of cities, we will form city clusters with mega cities as the core so that they can boost development in other areas and become new poles of economic growth.

6. Improve the basic economic system and the modern market system. We need to uphold and improve the basic economic system in which public ownership is dominant and different economic sectors develop side by side, unwaveringly consolidate and develop the public sector of the economy, unswervingly encourage, support and guide the development of the non-public sector, ensure equal protection of property rights, and create a new situation in which all economic sectors compete on an equal footing and reinforce each other. We will deepen the reform to introduce the corporate and shareholding systems in state-owned enterprises, improve the modern corporate structure and optimize the distribution and structure of the state sector of the economy to enhance its dynamism, dominance and influence. We will deepen the reform of monopoly industries by introducing competition, and strengthen government regulation and public oversight of them. We will accelerate development of a budget system for managing state capital and improve systems and regulations for managing all types of state assets. We will press ahead with the reform of collectively-owned enterprises and develop various forms of collective and cooperative economic operations. We will promote equitable market access, improve the financing environment and remove institutional barriers in order to promote development of individually-owned businesses and private companies as well as small and medium-sized enterprises. We will develop the economic sector of mixed ownership based on the modern system of property rights. We will accelerate the formation of a modern market system that is unified and open and that allows orderly competition, develop markets for factors of production, improve the pricing mechanism for factors of production and resources to reflect changes in market supply and demand, resource scarcities and environmental costs, regulate and develop industry associations and market-based intermediaries, and improve the social credibility system.

7. Deepen fiscal, taxation and financial restructuring and improve macroeconomic regulation. We will improve the public finance system as we work to ensure equal access to basic public services and establish development priority zones. We need to deepen reform of the budget system, tighten budgetary management and oversight, improve the system whereby both the central and local governments have financial resources proportionate to their duties and responsibilities, accelerate the establishment of a unified, standardized and transparent system for transfer payments, enlarge the size and proportion of general transfer payments, and increase input in public services. We will improve fiscal systems at and below the provincial level to enhance the capacity of county and township governments to provide public services. We will adopt fiscal and taxation systems conducive to scientific development and set up sound compensation systems for use of resources and for damage to the ecological environment. We will proceed with financial reforms to develop various types of financial markets and build a modern financial system that is inclusive of different forms of ownership and different ways of operation and that features a reasonable structure, complete functions, efficiency and security. We will make our banking, securities and insurance industries more competitive. We will improve the structure of the capital market and raise the proportion of direct financing through multiple channels. We will strengthen financial supervision and control, and forestall and defuse financial risks. We will improve the RMB exchange rate regime and gradually make the RMB convertible under capital accounts. We will deepen reform of the investment system and improve and strictly enforce market access rules. We will improve the state planning system. We will give play to the guiding role of national development plans, programs and industrial policies in macroeconomic regulation and combine the use of fiscal and monetary policies to improve macroeconomic regulation.

8. Expand opening up in scope and depth and improve our open economy. Adhering to the basic state policy of opening up, we will better integrate our "bring in" and "go global" strategies, expand the areas of opening up, optimize its structure, raise its quality, and turn our open economy into one in which domestic development and opening to the outside world interact and Chinese businesses and their foreign counterparts engage in win-win cooperation, and one that features security and efficiency, in order to gain new advantages for China in international economic cooperation and competition amid economic globalization. We will deepen the opening up of coastal areas, accelerate that of inland areas and upgrade that of border areas, so that opening up at home and opening to the outside world will promote each other. We will expedite transformation of the growth mode of foreign trade, stress quality, adjust the mix of imports and exports, promote transformation and upgrading of processing trade, and energetically develop service trade. We will make innovations in the way of using foreign capital, improve the structure of foreign investment utilized, and let the use of foreign capital play a positive role in facilitating independent innovation, industrial upgrading and balanced development among regions. We will make innovations in our way of overseas investment and cooperation, support domestic enterprises in carrying out international operations of R&D, production and marketing, and accelerate the growth of Chinese multinational corporations and Chinese brand names in the world market. We will vigorously carry out mutually beneficial international cooperation in energy and resources. We will implement a strategy of free trade zones and expand bilateral and multilateral trade and economic cooperation. We will adopt comprehensive measures to maintain a basic equilibrium in the balance of payments. We must guard against international economic risks.

By ensuring sound and rapid growth of the economy, we will further enhance China's economic strength, and enable our socialist market economy to exhibit its great vitality。

VI. Unswervingly Developing Socialist Democracy

People's democracy is the lifeblood of socialism. The Party has been consistently pursuing the goal of developing socialist democracy. Since China began its reform and opening up, we have made vigorous yet steady efforts to promote political restructuring, and socialist democracy has demonstrated greater vitality in the country. As an important part of the overall reform, political restructuring must be constantly deepened along with economic and social development to adapt to the growing enthusiasm of the people for participation in political affairs. We must keep to the path of political development under socialism with Chinese characteristics, and integrate the leadership of the Party, the position of the people as masters of the country, and the rule of law. We must uphold and improve the system of people's congresses, the system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC, the system of regional ethnic autonomy, and the system of self-governance at the primary level of society. All this will promote continuous self-improvement and development of the socialist political system.

In deepening political restructuring, we must keep to the correct political orientation. On the basis of ensuring the people's position as masters of the country, we will expand socialist democracy, build a socialist country under the rule of law and develop socialist political civilization to enhance the vitality of the Party and the state and arouse the initiative of the people. We must uphold the Party's role as the core of leadership in directing the overall situation and coordinating the efforts of all quarters, and improve its capacity for scientific, democratic and law-based governance to ensure that the Party leads the people in effectively governing the country. We must ensure that all power of the state belongs to the people, expand the citizens' orderly participation in political affairs at each level and in every field, and mobilize and organize the people as extensively as possible to manage state and social affairs as well as economic and cultural programs in accordance with the law. We must uphold the rule of law as a fundamental principle and adopt the socialist concept of law-based governance to ensure that all work of the state is based on the law and that the legitimate rights and interests of citizens are safeguarded. We must maintain the features and advantages of the socialist political system and define institutions, standards and procedures for socialist democracy to provide political and legal guarantees of lasting stability for the Party and the country.

1. Expand people's democracy and ensure that they are masters of the country. The essence and core of socialist democracy are that the people are masters of the country. We need to improve institutions for democracy, diversify its forms and expand its channels, and we need to carry out democratic election, decision-making, administration and oversight in accordance with the law to guarantee the people's rights to be informed, to participate, to be heard, and to oversee. We must support people's congresses in performing their functions pursuant to law and effectively turn the Party's propositions into the will of the state through legal procedures. We must ensure that deputies to people's congresses exercise their functions and powers in accordance with the law and maintain close ties with the general public. We propose that both urban and rural areas gradually adopt the same ratio of deputies to the represented population in elections of deputies to people's congresses. We must strengthen the institutions of standing committees of people's congresses and improve their membership composition in terms of intellectual background and age. We will support the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) in performing its functions centered on the two major themes of unity and democracy and improve the system of political consultation, democratic oversight, and participation in the deliberation and administration of state affairs. We will incorporate political consultation in decision-making procedures, improve democratic oversight and ensure that the CPPCC participates in the deliberation and administration of state affairs more effectively. The CPPCC is encouraged to improve itself and play its important role in coordinating relations, pooling strengths, making proposals and serving the overall interests of the country. We must ensure equality among all ethnic groups and guarantee the right of ethnic autonomous areas to exercise autonomy pursuant to law. To ensure scientific and democratic decision-making, we will improve the information and intellectual support for it, increase its transparency and expand public participation in it. In principle, public hearings must be held for the formulation of laws, regulations and policies that bear closely on the interests of the public. We need to step up education about citizenship and establish socialist concepts of democracy, the rule of law, freedom, equality, equity and justice. We support trade unions, the Communist Youth League, women's federations and other people's organizations in functioning in accordance with the law and their respective charters, participating in social management and public services and helping protect the people's legitimate rights and interests.

2. Develop primary-level democracy and ensure that the people enjoy democratic rights in a more extensive and practical way. The most effective and extensive way for the people to be masters of the country is that they directly exercise their democratic rights in accordance with the law to manage public affairs and public service programs at the primary level, practice self-management, self-service, self-education and self-oversight, and exercise democratic oversight over cadres. Such practices must be emphasized and promoted as the groundwork for developing socialist democracy. We need to improve the dynamic mechanism of people's self-governance at the primary level under the leadership of primary Party organizations, expand the scope of self-governance, and improve the institution for democratic management, with a view to turning urban and rural neighborhoods into communities of social life that are well managed, supported by complete services, and filled with civility and harmony. We must rely wholeheartedly on the working class, improve the democratic management system in enterprises and public institutions with workers' conferences as its basic form and increase transparency in factory affairs to support workers' participation in management and to safeguard their legitimate rights and interests. We need to deepen institutional reforms at the town and township level to strengthen government authorities there and improve the systems for transparency in government and village affairs to bring about effective connection and beneficial interaction between government administration and primary-level self-governance. We also encourage social organizations to help expand the participation by the public and report on their petitions to improve the self-governance capability of society.

3. Comprehensively implement the rule of law as a fundamental principle and speed up the building of a socialist country under the rule of law. The rule of law constitutes the essential requirement of socialist democracy. We must persist in scientific and democratic legislation to improve the socialist law system with Chinese characteristics. We will strengthen the enforcement of the Constitution and laws, ensure that all citizens are equal before the law, and safeguard social equity and justice and the consistency, sanctity and authority of the socialist legal system. We need to carry out government administration in accordance with the law. We need to deepen the reform of the judiciary system, optimize the distribution of judicial functions and powers, standardize judicial practices, and build a fair, efficient and authoritative socialist judiciary system to ensure that courts and procuratorates exercise their respective powers independently and impartially in accordance with the law. We need to improve the overall quality of judicial, procuratorial and public security personnel to ensure that law enforcement is strict, impartial and civilized. We need to step up the education campaign to increase public awareness of law, and promote the spirit of the rule of law, creating a social environment in which people study, abide by and apply laws of their own accord. We must respect and safeguard human rights, and ensure the equal right to participation and development for all members of society in accordance with the law. Party organizations at all levels and all Party members must act under the Constitution and laws on their own initiative and take the lead in upholding the authority of the Constitution and laws.

4. Expand the patriotic united front and unite with all forces that can be united. Promoting harmony in relations between political parties, between ethnic groups, between religions, between social strata, and between our compatriots at home and overseas plays an irreplaceable role in enhancing unity and pooling strengths. Acting on the principle of long-term coexistence, mutual oversight, sincerity, and sharing of both good and bad times, we will strengthen our cooperation with the democratic parties, support them and personages without party affiliation in better performing their functions of participation in the deliberation and administration of state affairs and democratic oversight, and select and recommend a greater number of outstanding non-CPC persons for leading positions. Keeping in mind the objective of all ethnic groups working together for common prosperity and development, we must guarantee the legitimate rights and interests of ethnic minorities, and strengthen and develop socialist ethnic relations based on equality, solidarity, mutual assistance and harmony. We will fully implement the Party's basic principle for its work related to religious affairs and bring into play the positive role of religious personages and believers in promoting economic and social development. We encourage members of emerging social strata to take an active part in building socialism with Chinese characteristics. We will conscientiously follow the Party's policy on overseas Chinese affairs and support overseas Chinese nationals, returned overseas Chinese and their relatives in caring about and participating in the modernization drive and the great cause of peaceful reunification of the motherland.

5. Accelerate the reform of the administrative system and build a service-oriented government. The administrative reform is an important part of the efforts to deepen China's overall reform. We must lose no time in working out a master plan for it, with the focus on changing functions, straightening out relations, optimizing the setup and raising efficiency, and bring about a system which matches powers with responsibilities, divides work in a rational way, fosters scientific decision-making, and ensures smooth enforcement and effective oversight. We need to improve the government responsibility system and the public service system, promote e-government and strengthen social management and public services. We will accelerate the separation of the functions of the government from those of enterprises, state assets management authorities, public institutions and market-based intermediaries, standardize administrative practices, strengthen administrative law-enforcement agencies, reduce the number of matters requiring administrative examination and approval and standardize such procedures, and reduce government intervention in microeconomic operations. We will standardize the relationship between local departments directly under central government organs and local governments. We will step up our efforts to streamline government organs, explore ways to establish greater departments with integrated functions, and improve the mechanism of coordination and collaboration between government departments. We will downsize and standardize various organs for deliberation and coordination and their working offices, cut down levels of administration, minimize its costs, and address the problems of overlapping organizations and functions and conflicting policies from different departments. We will give overall consideration to the setup of Party committees and governments as well as that of people's congresses and CPPCC committees, reduce the number of their leading positions and strictly control their staffing. We will step up the restructuring of different categories of public institutions.

6. Improve the mechanism of restraint and oversight and ensure that power entrusted by the people is always exercised in their interests. Power must be exercised in the sunshine to ensure that it is exercised correctly. We must have institutions to govern power, work and personnel, and establish a sound structure of power and a mechanism for its operation in which decision-making, enforcement and oversight powers check each other and function in coordination. We will improve organic laws and rules of procedure to ensure that state organs exercise their powers and perform their functions and responsibilities within their statutory jurisdiction and in accordance with legal procedures. We will improve the open administrative system in various areas and increase transparency in government work, thus enhancing the people's trust in the government. We will focus on tightening oversight over leading cadres and especially principal ones, over the management and use of human, financial and material resources, and over key positions. We will improve the systems of inquiries, accountability, economic responsibility auditing, resignation and recall. We will implement the intra-Party oversight regulations, strengthen democratic oversight and give scope to the oversight role of public opinion, pooling forces of oversight from all sides to make it more effective.

Democracy will keep developing along with the progress of socialism. In the historical course of developing socialism with Chinese characteristics, Chinese Communists and the Chinese people will surely advance socialist democracy that is full of vitality.

VII. Promoting Vigorous Development and Prosperity of Socialist Culture

In the present era, culture has become a more and more important source of national cohesion and creativity and a factor of growing significance in the competition in overall national strength, and the Chinese people have an increasingly ardent desire for a richer cultural life. We must keep to the orientation of advanced socialist culture, bring about a new upsurge in socialist cultural development, stimulate the cultural creativity of the whole nation, and enhance culture as part of the soft power of our country to better guarantee the people's basic cultural rights and interests, enrich the cultural life in Chinese society and inspire the enthusiasm of the people for progress.

1. Build up the system of socialist core values and make socialist ideology more attractive and cohesive. The system of socialist core values represents the essence of socialist ideology. We must consolidate the guiding position of Marxism, persistently arm the whole Party with and educate the people in the latest achievements in adapting Marxism to Chinese conditions, rally the people with our common ideal of socialism with Chinese characteristics, inspire the people with patriotism-centered national spirit and with the spirit of the times centering on reform and innovation, guide social ethos with the socialist maxims of honor and disgrace, and solidify the common ideological basis of the joint endeavor of the whole Party and the people of all ethnic groups. We will make every effort to carry out theoretical innovation and give Marxism of contemporary China distinct characters of practice, of the Chinese nation and of the times. We will publicize the theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and take Marxism of contemporary China to the general public. We will carry on the Project to Study and Develop Marxist Theory to provide in-depth answers to major theoretical and practical questions and to bring up a group of Marxist theoreticians, especially young and middle-aged ones. We will incorporate the socialist core values into all stages of national education and the entire process of cultural and ethical progress to make them the targets pursued by the people of their own accord. We will explore effective ways of letting the system of socialist core values guide trends of thought and take the initiative in ideological work, respecting divergence and allowing diversity while effectively resisting the influence of erroneous and decadent ideas. We will develop philosophy and social sciences, promoting innovation in academic disciplines, academic viewpoints and research methods. We encourage people working in these fields to serve as a think tank for the cause of the Party and the people, and we will introduce related outstanding achievements and distinguished scholars to the world arena.

2. Foster a culture of harmony and cultivate civilized practices. A culture of harmony provides important intellectual support for the unity and progress of all our people. We must step up the development of the press, publishing, radio, film, television, literature and art, give correct guidance to the public and foster healthy social trends. We must balance cultural development between urban and rural areas and among different regions, focusing on enriching the cultural life in rural and remote areas and of rural migrant workers in cities. We will strengthen efforts to develop and manage Internet culture and foster a good cyber environment. We will promote patriotism, collectivism and socialist ideology. With the emphasis on enhancing people's awareness of integrity, we will promote social ethics, professional codes of conduct, family virtues and individual morality, let paragons of virtue serve as role models for society, and guide people in conscientiously carrying out legal obligations and social and family responsibilities. We will strengthen and improve our ideological and political work, paying attention to compassionate care and psychological counseling and correctly handling interpersonal relations. We will mobilize all sectors of society in doing a good job of ideological and moral education among young people and create a favorable environment for their healthy development. We will carry out intensive activities to promote cultural and ethical progress among the public, improve the system of voluntary public services, and encourage practices such as upholding gender equality, respecting the elderly, caring for the young, showing concern for and helping each other and coming to the rescue of others even at risk to oneself. We will promote the scientific spirit and spread scientific knowledge. We will launch extensive public fitness programs and ensure the success of the 2008 Olympic Games and the Paralympics in Beijing and the 2010 World Exposition in Shanghai.

3. Promote Chinese culture and build the common spiritual home for the Chinese nation. Chinese culture has been an unfailing driving force for the Chinese nation to keep its unity and make progress from generation to generation. We must have a comprehensive understanding of traditional Chinese culture, keep its essence and discard its dross to enable it to fit in with present-day society, stay in harmony with modern civilization, keep its national character and reflect changes of the times. We will further publicize the fine traditions of Chinese culture and use modern means of science and technology to exploit the rich resources of our national culture. We will explore and better protect the cultures of all ethnic groups, attach great importance to the protection of cultural relics and intangible cultural heritage and do a good job collating ancient books and records. We will also strengthen international cultural exchanges to draw on the fine achievements of foreign cultures and enhance the influence of Chinese culture worldwide.

4. Stimulate cultural innovation and enhance the vitality of cultural development. The only way to invigorate culture is to promote innovation in its content and form, its structure and mechanism, and its means of dissemination from the high starting point of our times and release and develop its productive forces. We must keep to the orientation of serving the people and socialism, uphold the principle of letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend, and maintain close contact with reality, life and the public. We must always give top priority to social benefits and try to ensure both good economic returns and social benefits. We must create more excellent, popular works that reflect the people's principal position in the country and their real life. We must deepen cultural restructuring and improve the policies for supporting nonprofit cultural programs, developing the cultural industry and encouraging cultural innovation, so as to create favorable conditions for producing fine works, outstanding personnel and good results. We must continue to develop nonprofit cultural programs as the main approach to ensuring the basic cultural rights and interests of the people, increase spending on such programs, and build more cultural facilities in urban communities and rural areas. We must vigorously develop the cultural industry, launch major projects to lead the industry as a whole, speed up development of cultural industry bases and clusters of cultural industries with regional features, nurture key enterprises and strategic investors, create a thriving cultural market and enhance the industry's international competitiveness. We will use new and high technology to create new ways of producing cultural works, foster new forms of operation in the cultural industry and accelerate the establishment of a dissemination system featuring fast communication and wide coverage. We will establish a national system of honors for outstanding cultural workers.

The great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation will definitely be accompanied by the thriving of Chinese culture. We will give full scope to the principal position of the people in cultural development, arouse the enthusiasm of cultural workers, promote vigorous development and prosperity of culture more conscientiously and actively, and create cultural works in the great practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics, so that the people will share in the benefits of cultural development.

VIII. Accelerating Social Development with the Focus on Improving People's Livelihood

Social development is closely related to the people's well-being. More importance must therefore be attached to social development on the basis of economic growth to ensure and improve people's livelihood, carry out social restructuring, expand public services, improve social management and promote social equity and justice. We must do our best to ensure that all our people enjoy their rights to education, employment, medical and old-age care, and housing, so as to build a harmonious society.

1. Give priority to education and turn China into a country rich in human resources. Education is the cornerstone of national rejuvenation, and equal access to education provides an important underpinning for social equity. We must implement the Party's educational policy to the letter, focus on educating students with top priority given to cultivating their moral integrity, improve their overall quality, modernize the educational system, and train socialist builders and successors who have all-round attainments in moral, intellectual, physical and aesthetic education. All this is designed to run education to the satisfaction of the people. We will optimize the educational structure, promote balanced development of compulsory education, move faster toward universal access to senior secondary education, vigorously develop vocational education, and improve the quality of higher education. We will also attach importance to pre-school education and care about special education. We will update our views on education and deepen reform in curricula, modes of instruction, the systems of examination and enrollment, and the system for evaluating educational quality. We will ease the study load of primary and secondary school students and improve their overall quality. We will continue to run education on a nonprofit basis, increase government spending on education, regulate the collection of education-related fees, support the development of education in poverty-stricken and ethnic autonomous areas, improve the system of financial aid to students, and ensure that children from poor families and of rural migrant workers in cities enjoy equal access to compulsory education as other children. We will build up the ranks of teachers, with the emphasis on improving the quality of teachers in rural areas. We will encourage and regulate educational programs run by nongovernmental sectors. Distance learning and continuing education will be promoted to make ours a society in which every citizen is committed to learning and pursues lifelong learning.

2. Implement a development strategy that promotes job creation and encourage entrepreneurship to create more employment opportunities. Employment is vital to people's livelihood. We will continue to follow a proactive employment policy, strengthen government guidance, improve the market mechanism for employment, create more jobs and improve the employment structure. We will improve policies to encourage people to start businesses or find jobs on their own and promote a healthy attitude toward employment so that more people in the labor force will launch their own businesses. We will improve vocational education and training for the labor force and intensify pre-employment training for surplus labor transferred from rural areas. We will establish a unified, standardized labor market and a mechanism that ensures equal employment opportunities for both urban and rural residents. We will improve employment assistance to the needy and make it a priority to help zero-employment families to have job opportunities. We will do our best to help college graduates find jobs. We will regulate and coordinate labor relations, improve and implement government policies concerning rural migrant workers in cities, and protect the rights and interests of every worker in accordance with the law.

3. Deepen reform of the income distribution system and increase the income of urban and rural residents. Equitable income distribution is an important indication of social equity. We will adhere to and improve the system whereby distribution according to work remains the predominant mode and coexists with various other modes. We will improve the distribution system to allow factors of production such as labor, capital, technology and managerial expertise to have a rightful share according to their respective contribution. A proper balance will be struck between efficiency and equity in both primary distribution and redistribution, with particular emphasis on equity in redistribution. We will gradually increase the share of personal income in the distribution of national income, and raise that of work remuneration in primary distribution. Vigorous efforts will be made to raise the income of low-income groups, gradually increase poverty-alleviation aid and the minimum wage, and set up a mechanism of regular pay increases for enterprise employees and a mechanism for guaranteeing payment of their salaries. Conditions will be created to enable more citizens to have property income. We will protect lawful incomes, regulate excessively high incomes and ban illegal gains. We will increase transfer payments, intensify the regulation of incomes through taxation, break business monopolies, create equal opportunities, and overhaul income distribution practices with a view to gradually reversing the growing income disparity.

4. Accelerate the establishment of a social security system covering both urban and rural residents and guarantee their basic living conditions. Social security is an important guarantee of social stability. We will step up the building of a sound social security system that is based on social insurance, assistance and welfare, with basic old-age pension, basic medical care and subsistence allowances as its backbone, and supplemented by charity and commercial insurance. We will promote reform of basic old-age insurance systems in enterprises, Party and government organs and public institutions and explore ways to set up an old-age insurance system in rural areas. We will promote the development of basic medical insurance systems for urban workers and residents and a new type of cooperative medical care system in rural areas. We will improve the system of subsistence allowances for both urban and rural residents and gradually increase such allowances. We will improve the systems of unemployment, workers' compensation and maternity insurances. We will upgrade management of social security funds to higher-level authorities and work out unified methods for transferring social security accounts nationwide. We will provide more social security funds through various means and strengthen their oversight and management to maintain and increase their value. We will improve social assistance. We will do a good job providing special assistance to families of martyrs and servicemen and helping demobilized military personnel return to civilian life. We will promote programs for the disabled in a humanitarian spirit. We will develop more programs for the elderly. We will intensify our efforts in disaster prevention and reduction. We will improve the low-rent housing system and speed up resolution of the housing difficulties of low-income families in urban areas.

5. Establish a basic medical and health care system and improve the health of the whole nation. Health provides the foundation for people's all-round development and has a direct bearing on the happiness of each family. We must maintain the public welfare nature of public medical and health care services, always put disease prevention first, center on rural areas and attach equal importance to traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine. We will separate government administration from medical institutions, management from operation, medical care from pharmaceuticals, and for-profit from nonprofit operations. We will increase government responsibilities and spending, improve the national health policy, and encourage greater participation of nongovernmental sectors so as to develop systems of public health services, medical services, medical security and medicine supply to provide both urban and rural residents with safe, effective, convenient and affordable medical and health services. We will improve the system to prevent and control the outbreak of major diseases and enhance our capacity to respond to public health emergencies. We will improve the three-tier rural health care network spanning the county, township and village and the urban community-based health care system, and deepen reform of public hospitals. We will set up a national system for basic pharmaceuticals to ensure their supply. We will support the development of traditional Chinese medicine and the folk medicines of ethnic minorities. We will work harder to improve the professional ethics and style of work of health workers and the quality of medical services. We must ensure food and drug safety. We will adhere to the basic state policy of family planning, keep the birthrate low and make the newborns healthier. We will launch patriotic sanitation campaigns and develop health care programs for women and children.

6. Improve social management and safeguard social stability and unity. Social stability is the common aspiration of the people and an important prerequisite for reform and development. We need to improve the structure of social management comprising Party committee leadership, government responsibility, nongovernmental support and public participation, and improve the system of social management at the primary level. We will stimulate the creativity of society to the greatest extent, maximize factors conducive to harmony and minimize those detrimental to it. We will properly handle contradictions among the people, improve the system for handling complaints in the form of letters and visits from the public, and strengthen the mechanism for safeguarding the rights and interests of the people in which the Party and the government play the leading role. We will attach importance to the development and management of social organizations. We will improve services for and management of the floating population. We must ensure safe development by strengthening management and oversight of work safety and taking effective measures to prevent serious or exceptionally serious accidents. We will improve the mechanism of emergency management. We will improve the crime prevention and control system, maintain law and order through comprehensive measures, launch intensive campaigns to ensure public security, reform and step up community policing in both urban and rural areas, and prevent and crack down on crime in accordance with the law to protect people's lives and property. We will improve the strategy and mechanism for national security, and keep high vigilance against and resolutely forestall separatist, infiltrative and subversive activities in various forms to safeguard national security.

It requires joint efforts of the whole society to build a harmonious society. We must therefore rely firmly on the people and mobilize all positive factors to create a lively situation in which everyone is duty-bound to work for and benefits from social harmony.

IX. Opening Up New Prospects for Modernization of National Defense and the Armed Forces

To strengthen national defense and the armed forces occupies an important place in the overall arrangements for the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Bearing in mind the overall strategic interests of national security and development, we must take both economic and national defense development into consideration and make our country prosperous and our armed forces powerful while building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.

For the armed forces to fully carry out the historical missions assigned by the Party and the people at this new stage in the new century, we must always follow the guidance of Mao Zedong's military thinking, Deng Xiaoping's thinking on building the armed forces in the new period and Jiang Zemin's thinking on building national defense and the armed forces, and take the Scientific Outlook on Development as an important guiding principle for strengthening national defense and the armed forces. We must implement the military strategy for the new period, accelerate the revolution in military affairs with Chinese characteristics, ensure military preparedness, and enhance the military's capability to respond to various security threats and accomplish diverse military tasks. We are determined to safeguard China's sovereignty, security and territorial integrity and help maintain world peace.

To make the armed forces more revolutionary, modernized and standardized is an integrated endeavor, and balanced progress must be made in all the three aspects. We must always adhere to the fundamental principle of the Party exercising absolute leadership over the armed forces and the fundamental purpose of the armed forces serving the people. We will educate the military in its historical missions, ideals, beliefs, combat-ready spirit and the socialist maxims of honor and disgrace, and ensure that it carries forward its fine traditions of following the Party's orders, serving the people and fighting valiantly and skillfully. We must build strong armed forces through science and technology. To attain the strategic objective of building computerized armed forces and winning IT-based warfare, we will accelerate composite development of mechanization and computerization, carry out military training under IT-based conditions, modernize every aspect of logistics, intensify our efforts to train a new type of high-caliber military personnel in large numbers and change the mode of generating combat capabilities. We must run the armed forces in accordance with the law, enforce strict discipline, improve relevant laws and regulations and strengthen scientific management.

In keeping with the new trends in world military affairs and the new requirements of China's development, we must promote innovation in military theory, technology, organization and management. We will adjust and reform the structure, staffing, policies and institutions of the armed forces to gradually develop a complete set of scientific modes of organization, institutions and ways of operation with Chinese characteristics and in conformity with the laws governing the development of modern armed forces. We will adjust and reform the systems of defense-related science, technology and industry and of weapons and equipment procurement, and enhance our capacity for independent innovation in R&D of weapons and equipment with better quality and cost-effectiveness. We will establish sound systems of weapons and equipment research and manufacturing, military personnel training and logistics that integrate military with civilian purposes and combine military efforts with civilian support, build the armed forces through diligence and thrift, and blaze a path of development with Chinese characteristics featuring military and civilian integration. We will enrich and develop military sciences by carefully studying the features and laws of building and running the armed forces and the strategies and tactics for people's war under the new historical conditions.

We will raise the people's awareness of national defense, strengthen national defense mobilization by improving the mobilization system, and enhance the quality of the reserves and the militia. We will strengthen the People's Armed Police so that it can better fulfill its duties of safeguarding national security and social stability and ensuring that the people live and work in peace. We must ensure that the government and the people support the military and give preferential treatment to the families of servicemen and martyrs, and that the military supports the government and cherishes the people. We will energetically encourage the military and the people to work together to promote cultural and ethical progress, and consolidate the solidarity between the military and the government and between the military and the people. Party organizations and governments at all levels and the general public will, as always, support efforts to strengthen national defense and the armed forces, and the military will continue to contribute to economic and social development.

X. Carrying Forward the Practice of "One Country, Two Systems" and Advancing the Great Cause of Peaceful National Reunification

Since the return of Hong Kong and Macao to the motherland, more and more experience has been gained in putting into practice the principle of "one country, two systems." The principle is perfectly correct and full of vigor. To realize China's peaceful reunification on this principle accords with the fundamental interests of the Chinese nation.

A major task the Party faces in running the country in the new circumstances is to ensure long-term prosperity and stability in Hong Kong and Macao. We will unswervingly implement the principle of "one country, two systems," under which Hong Kong people administer Hong Kong and Macao people administer Macao with a high degree of autonomy, and act in strict accordance with the basic laws of the two special administrative regions. We will render full support to the governments of the two regions in their administration in accordance with the law and in their efforts to promote economic growth, improve people's lives and advance democracy. We encourage people from all walks of life in Hong Kong and Macao to work with one accord to promote social amity under the banner of love for the motherland and devotion to their respective regions. We will increase exchanges and cooperation between the mainland and the two regions so that they can draw on each other's strengths and develop side by side. We will actively support the two regions in their external exchanges and firmly oppose attempts by any external force to interfere in their affairs. Our compatriots in Hong Kong and Macao, without doubt, have the wisdom and ability to successfully administer and develop their regions. Both regions have played and will continue to play an important role in China's modernization drive, and the great motherland will always provide them with strong backing for their prosperity and stability.

To resolve the Taiwan question and achieve complete national reunification is a common aspiration of all sons and daughters of the Chinese nation. We will uphold the principle of "peaceful reunification and one country, two systems" and the eight-point proposal for developing the relations between the two sides of the Taiwan Straits and advancing the process of peaceful national reunification in the present stage. We will never waver in our commitment to the one-China principle, never abandon our efforts to achieve peaceful reunification, never change the policy of placing our hopes on the people in Taiwan and never compromise in our opposition to the secessionist activities aimed at "Taiwan independence." With a firm grasp of the theme of peaceful development of cross-Straits relations, we will sincerely work for the well-being of our compatriots on both sides of the Straits and for peace in the Taiwan Straits region, and safeguard China's sovereignty and territorial integrity and the fundamental interests of the Chinese nation.

Upholding the one-China principle constitutes the political basis for peaceful development of cross-Straits relations. Although the mainland and Taiwan are yet to be reunified, the fact that they belong to one and the same China has never changed. China is the common homeland for the compatriots on both sides of the Straits, who have every reason to join hands to safeguard and develop this homeland. We are ready to conduct exchanges, dialogue, consultations and negotiations with any political party in Taiwan on any issue as long as it recognizes that both sides of the Straits belong to one and the same China. Here we would like to make a solemn appeal: On the basis of the one-China principle, let us discuss a formal end to the state of hostility between the two sides, reach a peace agreement, construct a framework for peaceful development of cross-Straits relations, and thus usher in a new phase of peaceful development.

The 1.3 billion people on the mainland and the 23 million people in Taiwan are of the same blood and share a common destiny. We will make every effort to achieve anything that serves the interests of our Taiwan compatriots, contributes to the maintenance of peace in the Taiwan Straits region, and facilitates peaceful national reunification. We understand, trust and care about our compatriots in Taiwan, and we will, therefore, continue to implement and enrich the policies and measures that benefit them, protect their legitimate rights and interests in accordance with the law, and support economic development on the west shore of the Straits in Fujian Province and in other areas where Taiwan investment is concentrated. The compatriots on both sides of the Straits need to increase contacts, strengthen economic and cultural exchanges in more areas and at higher levels and push for the resumption of direct links of mail, transport and trade, so that they will develop greater empathy and closer cooperation and work together for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

At present, the forces for "Taiwan independence" are stepping up their secessionist activities, seriously jeopardizing the peaceful development of cross-Straits relations. The compatriots on both sides need to work together to oppose and contain such activities. China's sovereignty and territorial integrity brook no division, and any matter in this regard must be decided by the entire Chinese people including our Taiwan compatriots. We are willing to make every effort with the utmost sincerity to achieve peaceful reunification of the two sides, and will never allow anyone to separate Taiwan from the motherland in any name or by any means.

The two sides of the Straits are bound to be reunified in the course of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. With close solidarity and concerted efforts of all Chinese people at home and overseas, the complete reunification of the motherland will surely be achieved.

XI. Unswervingly Following the Path of Peaceful Development

The world today is undergoing tremendous changes and adjustments. Peace and development remain the main themes of the present era, and pursuit of peace, development and cooperation has become an irresistible trend of the times. The progress toward a multipolar world is irreversible, economic globalization is developing in depth, and the scientific and technological revolution is gathering momentum. Global and regional cooperation is in full swing, and countries are increasingly interdependent. The international balance of power is changing in favor of the maintenance of world peace, and the overall international situation is stable.

At the same time, the world remains far from tranquil. Hegemonism and power politics still exist, local conflicts and hotspot issues keep emerging, imbalances in the world economy are worsening, the North-South gap is widening, and traditional and nontraditional threats to security are intertwined. All this poses difficulties and challenges to world peace and development.

Sharing opportunities for development and rising to challenges together so as to further the noble cause of peace and development of humanity bear on the fundamental interests of the people of all countries and meet their common aspirations. We maintain that the people of all countries should join hands and strive to build a harmonious world of lasting peace and common prosperity. To this end, all countries should uphold the purposes and principles of the United Nations Charter, observe international law and universally recognized norms of international relations, and promote democracy, harmony, collaboration and win-win solutions in international relations. Politically, all countries should respect each other and conduct consultations on an equal footing in a common endeavor to promote democracy in international relations. Economically, they should cooperate with each other, draw on each other's strengths and work together to advance economic globalization in the direction of balanced development, shared benefits and win-win progress. Culturally, they should learn from each other in the spirit of seeking common ground while shelving differences, respect the diversity of the world, and make joint efforts to advance human civilization. In the area of security, they should trust each other, strengthen cooperation, settle international disputes by peaceful means rather than by war, and work together to safeguard peace and stability in the world. On environmental issues, they should assist and cooperate with each other in conservation efforts to take good care of the Earth, the only home of human beings.

Historic changes have occurred in the relations between contemporary China and the rest of the world, resulting in ever closer interconnection between China's future and destiny and those of the world. Whatever changes take place in the international situation, the Chinese government and people will always hold high the banner of peace, development and cooperation, pursue an independent foreign policy of peace, safeguard China's interests in terms of sovereignty, security and development, and uphold its foreign policy purposes of maintaining world peace and promoting common development.

China will unswervingly follow the path of peaceful development. This is a strategic choice the Chinese government and people have made in light of the development trend of the times and their own fundamental interests. The Chinese nation is a peace-loving people, and China is always a staunch force safeguarding world peace. We are committed to combining the interests of the Chinese people with the common interests of the people of other countries, and always stand for fairness and justice. We maintain that all countries, big and small, strong and weak, rich and poor, are equal. We respect the right of the people of all countries to independently choose their own development path. We will never interfere in the internal affairs of other countries or impose our own will on them. China works for peaceful settlement of international disputes and hotspot issues, promotes international and regional security cooperation, and opposes terrorism in any form. China follows a national defense policy that is defensive in nature, and it does not engage in arms race or pose a military threat to any other country. China opposes all forms of hegemonism and power politics and will never seek hegemony or engage in expansion.

China will unswervingly follow a win-win strategy of opening up. We will continue to contribute to regional and global development through our own development, and expand the areas where our interests meet with those of various sides. While securing our own development, we will accommodate the legitimate concerns of other countries, especially other developing countries. We will increase market access in accordance with internationally recognized economic and trade rules, and protect the rights and interests of our partners in accordance with the law. We support international efforts to help developing countries enhance their capacity for independent development and improve the lives of their people, so as to narrow the North-South gap. We support efforts to improve international trade and financial systems, advance the liberalization and facilitation of trade and investment, and properly resolve economic and trade frictions through consultation and collaboration. China will never seek benefits for itself at the expense of other countries or shift its troubles onto others.

China is committed to developing friendship and cooperation with all other countries on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. For developed countries, we will continue to strengthen strategic dialogue, enhance mutual trust, deepen cooperation and properly manage differences to promote long-term, stable and sound development of bilateral relations. For our neighboring countries, we will continue to follow the foreign policy of friendship and partnership, strengthen good-neighborly relations and practical cooperation with them, and energetically engage in regional cooperation in order to jointly create a peaceful, stable regional environment featuring equality, mutual trust and win-win cooperation. For other developing countries, we will continue to increase solidarity and cooperation with them, cement traditional friendship, expand practical cooperation, provide assistance to them within our ability, and uphold the legitimate demands and common interests of developing countries. We will continue to take an active part in multilateral affairs, assume our due international obligations, play a constructive role, and work to make the international order fairer and more equitable. We will also continue to conduct exchanges and cooperation with the political parties and organizations of other countries, and strengthen the external exchanges of people's congresses, CPPCC committees, the armed forces, localities and people's organizations to enhance mutual understanding and friendship between the Chinese people and the people of other countries.

China cannot develop in isolation from the rest of the world, nor can the world enjoy prosperity and stability without China. The Chinese people will continue to work tirelessly with the people of other countries to bring about a better future for humanity.

XII. Comprehensively Carrying Forward the Great New Undertaking to Build the Party in a Spirit of Reform and Innovation

Socialism with Chinese characteristics is a cause that demands reform and innovation. To stand in the forefront of the times and lead the people in opening up new prospects for the development of the cause, the Party must improve itself in a spirit of reform and innovation and stay as the firm core of leadership for this cause.

The Party was founded 86 years ago, it has governed the country for 58 years, and its current membership totals more than 70 million. Therefore, the Party's task to build itself has become more arduous than ever before. The reform and opening up led by the Party have injected tremendous vigor into the Party, but they have also exposed it to many unprecedented tasks and tests. Developments and changes in the global, national and intra-Party conditions make it both vital and urgent for us to strengthen Party building in a spirit of reform and innovation. To achieve the main objectives of strengthening the Party's governance capability and vanguard nature, we must ensure that the Party exercises self-discipline and is strict with its members, and work to fulfill the requirement for serving the people and being pragmatic and incorruptible. We must strengthen Party building in all respects. Ideologically, we will focus on fortifying the convictions of Party members. Organizationally, we will put emphasis on bringing up Party members and cadres of quality. In improving the Party's style of work, we will stress the maintenance of its close ties with the people. Institutionally, we will emphasize improving democratic centralism. In enhancing the Party's capacity to fight corruption and uphold integrity, we will focus on improving the institutions for punishing and preventing corruption. All this will enable the Party to remain a ruling Marxist party that is built for public interests and exercises governance for the people; a party that is realistic, pragmatic and committed to reform and innovation; a party that is hardworking and clean; and a party that is full of vigor and enjoys solidarity and harmony.

1. Thoroughly study and apply the system of theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics and focus on arming the whole Party with the latest achievements in adapting Marxism to Chinese conditions. Ideological and theoretical development is of fundamental importance to Party building, and the Party's innovation in theory guides innovation in all other areas. To build a party committed to learning, we need to thoroughly study Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents and launch a Party-wide campaign to intensively study and apply the Scientific Outlook on Development in light of the dynamic practices of reform, opening up and modernization. We must follow the developing Marxism as our guide in changing the objective world and remolding the subjective world, better grasp the laws concerning the Communist Party's governance, socialist construction and the development of human society, and improve our capability to apply scientific theories to analyzing and solving practical problems. We must step up education for Party members and cadres to cherish the Party's ideals and beliefs and uphold high ideological and moral standards, so that they will set an example in putting into practice the socialist core values, firmly believe in the lofty ideal of communism and the common ideal of socialism with Chinese characteristics, faithfully apply the Scientific Outlook on Development, conscientiously follow the socialist maxims of honor and disgrace, and actively promote social harmony.

2. Continue to strengthen the Party's governance capability and focus on building high-quality leading bodies. Strengthening the Party's governance capability has an overall impact on Party building and the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics. In building the leading bodies at all levels, we must focus our efforts on promptly and effectively improving their art of leadership and governance capability. Following the requirement of scientific, democratic and law-based governance, we will improve the way of thinking of leading bodies, the governing competence of leading cadres, their styles of leadership and governance, the leadership system, and the working mechanisms of the leading bodies of local Party committees that have had their staffing restructured. All this is intended to turn the leading bodies at all levels into staunch collective leaderships that are firmly committed to the Party's theories, lines, principles and policies and capable of leading scientific development. We will improve the governance capability of leading bodies in order to motivate and guide the whole Party and ensure that all the Party's work always accords with the requirements of the times and the expectations of the people.

3. Expand intra-Party democracy and focus on enhancing the Party's solidarity and unity. Intra-Party democracy provides an important guarantee for improving the Party's creativity and reinforcing its solidarity and unity. We will expand intra-Party democracy to develop people's democracy and increase intra-Party harmony to promote social harmony. We need to respect the principal position of Party members, guarantee their democratic rights, increase transparency in Party affairs and create favorable conditions for democratic discussions within the Party. We will improve the system of Party congresses by adopting a tenure system for their delegates and implementing a system of Party congresses with a fixed term on a trial basis in selected counties, cities and districts. We will improve the working mechanisms of local Party committees at all levels and their standing committees and let the Party committees make decisions on major issues. We will strictly implement democratic centralism, improve the system that combines collective leadership with division of responsibilities among individuals, and oppose and prevent arbitrary decision-making by an individual or a minority of people. We will introduce a system of voting for use by local Party committees in discussing and deciding on major issues and appointing cadres to important positions. We will establish a sound system under which the Political Bureau of the Central Committee regularly reports its work to plenary sessions of the Central Committee and accepts their oversight, and the standing committees of local Party committees at all levels do likewise to plenary sessions of local Party committees and accept their oversight. We will reform the intra-Party electoral system and improve the system for nominating candidates and electoral methods. We will spread the practice in which candidates for leading positions in primary Party organizations are recommended both by Party members and the public in an open manner and by the Party organization at the next higher level, gradually extend direct election of leading members in primary Party organizations to more places, and explore various ways to expand intra-Party democracy at the primary level. All Party members must firmly uphold the centralized and unified leadership of the Party, conscientiously abide by the Party's political discipline, always be in agreement with the Central Committee and resolutely safeguard its authority to ensure that its resolutions and decisions are carried out effectively.

4. Continue to deepen reform of the cadre and personnel system and focus on training high-caliber cadres and personnel. Adhering to the principle that the Party is in charge of cadre management, we will establish a scientific mechanism for selecting and appointing cadres on the basis of democracy, openness, competition and merit. We will standardize the cadre nomination system, perfect the cadre assessment system in accordance with the requirements of the Scientific Outlook on Development and a correct view on evaluating cadres' performances, and improve the procedures for open selection, competition for positions and multi-candidate election. We will expand democracy in the work related to cadres and make democratic recommendation and assessment more scientific and authentic. We must enforce stricter oversight over the whole process of selecting and appointing cadres. We will improve the tenure system and the recusal system for leading cadres as well as the system for transferring them between different posts, the public servant system, and the system of dual administration of cadres. We will advance reform of the personnel system in state-owned enterprises and public institutions and improve management of executives suited to conditions in these enterprises.

Adhering to correct guidance in appointing cadres, we will promote cadres who have political integrity, professional competence and outstanding performance and enjoy popular support with a view to increasing public trust in cadre selection and appointment. We will make greater efforts to train and promote outstanding young cadres, encourage them to work and temper themselves at the primary level and in areas with tough conditions, improve their understanding of Marxist theory and raise their political quality. We will attach great importance to training and selecting cadres from among women and ethnic minorities. We will give special attention to cadres who have long been working diligently in places fraught with hardships and difficulties. We will select excellent cadres from primary-level organizations and the frontline of production to join Party and government leading organs at all levels. We will continue to train cadres on a large scale, making full use of Party schools, schools of administration and cadre academies to substantially improve the quality of cadres. We will do a good job in all work related to retired cadres. Implementing the policy of respect for work, knowledge, talent and creation and adhering to the principle of the Party being in charge of personnel, we will make plans for training all types of personnel with the focus on high-level and highly skilled ones. We will make innovations in systems and mechanisms for personnel work and arouse the creativity and enterprising spirit of all types of personnel to create a new situation in which capable people come forth in great numbers and put their talents to best use.

5. Consolidate and develop all the achievements of the campaign to educate Party members to preserve their vanguard nature, and focus on strengthening primary Party organizations. The vanguard nature is the source of life and strength for a Marxist party, and has to be demonstrated by its tens of millions of members of quality. We must, therefore, do a good job in the basic project to build a strong Party membership and keep improving their quality. We will earnestly study and abide by the Party Constitution, raise our awareness of Party membership, introduce the practice of regularly reviewing Party members' compliance with the Party spirit, expand channels through which Party members serve the people, institute working procedures for them to stay in touch with and serve the people, and improve the permanent mechanism whereby Party members regularly go through education and always retain their vanguard nature. All this will make Party members exemplars who always keep in mind the purpose of the Party and truly care for the people. We will improve management of Party members among the floating population, improve the Party work among rural migrant workers in cities, and set up a sound unified system for dynamic management of Party members in both urban and rural areas. We will improve the quality of newly recruited Party members, optimize the composition of Party membership, and promptly deal with unqualified members.

-- Primary Party organizations constitute the organizational foundation for the Party to play its governance role. We will implement the responsibility system for building the Party and advance all-round development of primary Party organizations in villages, enterprises, urban communities, Party and government organs, schools, new social organizations, etc. We will give full play to the role of primary Party organizations in promoting development, serving the people, rallying public support and promoting harmony by optimizing their setups, expanding their coverage and making innovations in the way they function. We will develop primary Party organizations to promote development of other organizations at the primary level. We will launch intensive campaigns in primary Party organizations and among Party members to encourage them to excel in their performances. We will set up a sound mechanism for mutual assistance between urban and rural primary Party organizations. We will develop modern distance learning programs for Party members and cadres in rural areas throughout the country. We will set up a sound mechanism of incentives, solicitude and assistance in the Party to show concern for cadres at the primary level, for elderly Party members and for those who live in straitened circumstances. We will pay attention to ensuring funding and space for activities of primary Party organizations.

6. Effectively improve the Party's style of work and focus on combating corruption and upholding integrity. The Party's fine style of work is a great force holding Party members together and winning popular support. We must uphold the viewpoint of historical materialism that it is the people who make history, remain committed to serving the people wholeheartedly and adhere to the mass line. We must earnestly listen to their appeals, truthfully reflect their wishes, sincerely help alleviate their hardships and do more practical work for their benefit, putting into practice the principle of exercising power for the people, showing concern for them and working for their interests. We will seek progress in every aspect of our endeavor in a realistic and pragmatic way and do more to reinforce the groundwork for long-term benefit. We need to carry out more investigations and studies, improve our styles of study and writing, cut the number of meetings and official documents, and oppose formalism, bureaucracy and deception. We need to practice economy, always be frugal and hardworking, and oppose extravagance and waste. All Party members, especially leading cadres, must uphold the Party spirit, be impeccable in moral standards and play an exemplary role in society. We need to strengthen education in the Party's style of work and Party discipline and vigorously practice criticism and self-criticism so that leading cadres will observe Party discipline and state laws in an exemplary way, carry forward the Party's fine traditions and promote new healthy trends. With the Party's fine style of work, we will be able to improve the work style of the government and the conduct of the general public.

The CPC never tolerates corruption or any other negative phenomena. This is determined by its nature and purpose. Resolutely punishing and effectively preventing corruption bears on the popular support for the Party and on its very survival, and is therefore a major political task the Party must attend to at all times. All Party members must be fully aware that fighting corruption will be a protracted, complicated and arduous battle, attach greater importance to combating corruption and upholding integrity and take a clear stand against corruption. We will fight corruption in a comprehensive way, address both its symptoms and root cause and combine punishment with prevention, with the emphasis on prevention, thus effectively improving the institutions for punishing and preventing corruption. While resolutely cracking down on corruption, we will work harder to remove its root cause and take preventive measures through improving relevant institutions and expanding our efforts to curb corruption at the source. We will strictly implement the responsibility system for improving the Party's style of work and upholding integrity. We will deepen reform, make institutional innovation, foster a culture of integrity and develop a permanent education mechanism to resist corruption and decadence, a system for combating corruption and upholding integrity and a mechanism for monitoring the exercise of power. We need to strengthen the unified management of representative offices of Party discipline inspection commissions and government supervision departments, and improve the system of inspection tours. We will do our best to ensure that leading cadres are clean and self-disciplined and that Party members and cadres are better able to resist corruption and decadence. We must resolutely stop unhealthy practices that hurt public interests, and take effective measures to deal with matters that cause strong public resentment. We must see to it that all cases involving violation of law and discipline are thoroughly investigated and dealt with, and that all corruptionists are severely punished according to law without fail.

Comrades,

Ever since its founding in July 1921, the CPC has bravely dedicated itself to the historical mission of leading the Chinese people in striving for a happy life and for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Chinese Communists have been fighting one generation after another to fulfill this mission, and countless revolutionaries have sacrificed their lives in the course. Party members in contemporary China must continue on this mission. The ongoing reform, opening up and socialist modernization drive undertaken by the people of all ethnic groups under the Party's leadership are a continuation and development of the great cause of socialist construction since the founding of the People's Republic and the great cause of the Chinese people's struggle for national independence, prosperity and strength since modern times. Reviewing the past, we feel deeply honored to carry on this sacred mission. Looking ahead, we have full confidence in fulfilling the three historical tasks of advancing the modernization drive, achieving national reunification, and safeguarding world peace and promoting common development.

All Party members must be keenly aware that it will take more than a decade of continued efforts to reach the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, and decades more to realize modernization by and large, and that it will require unremitting efforts by several, a dozen or even dozens of generations to consolidate and develop the socialist system. We are bound to meet with difficulties and risks in our endeavor. We must therefore stay prepared for adversities in times of peace, be mindful of potential dangers, and always maintain our firm faith in Marxism, socialism with Chinese characteristics and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. We must guard against arrogance and rashness, preserve the style of plain living and hard struggle, bear firmly in mind the basic reality that China is still in the primary stage of socialism, and work tirelessly for the cause of the Party and the people. We must study and work diligently and keep scoring achievements that can stand the test of practice and time to the satisfaction of the people. We must reinforce unity, bear the overall interests in mind, conscientiously uphold the solidarity and unity of the whole Party, maintain the close ties between the Party and the people, cement the great unity of the people of all ethnic groups, and enhance the great solidarity of all sons and daughters of the Chinese nation at home and overseas and of the Chinese people and peoples of other countries, which will give us immense strength to overcome all difficulties and obstacles and achieve new, greater victories in the cause of the Party and the people.

Let us hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics, rally more closely around the Central Committee, unite as one, forge ahead in a pioneering spirit, and work hard to achieve new victories in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and write a new chapter of happy life for the people!